In the past 2-3 years, there has been a noticeable shift in sow management across many pig farms in the Netherlands, with a growing focus on maximizing milk production. Despite adjustments in feeding levels, the amount of milk available per piglet remains inadequate due to the rising number of litters per sow annually. Experts have advised producers to consider supplementing suckling piglets to ensure they receive adequate nutrition. Traditionally, sows were fed less before and after farrowing, often only a few hundred grams of feed. However, the new feeding strategy encourages sows to consume similar amounts throughout different stages of pregnancy.
For sows that are not excessively lean, the recommended daily feed intake is around 2.4 kg during the first 7 weeks of gestation. This can be gradually increased to 2.8 kg between 8-12 weeks and then to 3 kg per day for the last four weeks. However, if sows are overfed just a few days before farrowing, they may eat too much before giving birth, leading to a drop in feed intake post-delivery and potentially resulting in poor milk production. To compensate for the reduced feeding in late pregnancy, it's important to provide additional trace elements and vitamins. This is typically done by offering nutrient-rich feeds in the days leading up to and following birth.
This approach has proven effective in improving the vitality of newborn piglets, helping them locate teats more easily and promoting quicker recovery for the sows after delivery. During the final stages of pregnancy, sows are prone to constipation, so one day before farrowing, it's advisable to feed them about 1% of their body weight—around 2 kg of feed. On the day of farrowing, this should be reduced to 0.5 kg, while ensuring they have access to plenty of clean water. After delivery, feeding should be gradually increased: starting at 2 kg per day in the first week, and increasing to 4 kg by the second week. By the tenth day, sows can be fed up to 5.5 kg per day (suitable for sows nursing 9 piglets). For each additional piglet, the feed amount should increase by approximately 0.4 kg.
Modern breeding and management techniques have significantly boosted both the number of litters and milk production in sows. Over the past 30 years, average milk production per sow in Western breeds has increased by only 100 ml, which pales in comparison to the 0.6–0.8 increase in litter size over the past five years. As a result, piglet supplementation has become increasingly necessary. Supplemental feeding can begin as early as 4 days of age, but the actual amount consumed by piglets can vary widely, from zero to several hundred grams. This variation is largely influenced by the sow’s lactation pattern. If a sow produces high levels of milk in the first two weeks, piglets tend to consume more supplemental feed by 3–4 weeks of age. Conversely, if the sow’s milk production peaks later, the piglets may not eat much until that point.
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