Dairy cow management through loose housing systems is closely linked to the development of quail-lined fixed fences and represents an efficient, modern production approach. In recent years, many regions in China have begun exploring the use of automated feeders, milking stations, and mechanized operations such as feeding and manure removal. This trend reflects a growing shift toward factory-style and technologically advanced dairy farming. However, while loose housing is still a relatively new concept in China, it lacks extensive experience and requires careful attention to several key factors.
First, the overall layout of the farm and design of the barns play a crucial role. A well-planned layout should include various facilities such as barns, milking parlors, feed areas (for storage, processing, and distribution), waste treatment zones, and other supporting structures. The arrangement must ensure the most efficient and cost-effective operation of dairy activities, minimize the walking distance for cows, reduce worker travel time, and avoid cross-contamination between waste and pathways. This helps maintain hygiene and reduce pollution risks.
In designing the barns, the focus should be on creating a comfortable and healthy environment for the cows while also ensuring ease of operation for workers. The goal is to keep costs as low as possible without compromising efficiency or animal welfare.
Second, the management of the farm needs to evolve from traditional methods. Managers, technicians, and workers must embrace modern practices and develop expertise in operating machinery and managing large herds. Building a team that understands both animal care and technology is essential. Through effective labor organization and motivation, the entire staff can work together to achieve business goals.
Third, the management of the herd involves grouping cows based on their stage of lactation, age, and health. Instead of individual tethering, group housing is more common. Each breeder typically manages up to 100 cows, and proper grouping ensures better care and productivity. Before grouping, it's important to assess milk yield and body condition. Group sizes should match the available facilities, including barn structure and milking equipment.
Leg and hoof diseases are a major concern in loose housing systems due to increased movement and exposure to wet conditions. To prevent these issues, barn floors and resting areas should be made of soft, dry materials. Manure and urine should be cleaned at least once or twice daily, and regular hoof baths and trimming are necessary. Some farms use wood chips, rubber mats, or slatted floors to reduce foot problems.
In free-stall systems, cows are not confined to a fixed bed, making heat detection more challenging. To address this, staff must increase their vigilance and observation frequency. Advanced technologies, such as computer monitoring systems or synchronized estrus techniques, can also improve accuracy.
Fourth, mechanical equipment is essential for successful loose housing. Dairy farms must invest in appropriate machinery to maximize efficiency. Poor results in some cases may stem from inadequate equipment or lack of maintenance. While imported machines may offer high performance, localizing spare parts is crucial for long-term sustainability.
Finally, having trained personnel to manage and maintain the machinery is vital. It’s often more effective to assign part-time maintenance staff to each operational team rather than creating a separate repair department. This reduces dependency and ensures timely equipment upkeep.
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