Code of Practice for High-yielding Breeding of Aulatis Tilapia Ponds

Tilapia, a tropical fish species, has become one of the most widely farmed freshwater fish due to its remarkable adaptability, high fertility, omnivorous feeding habits, strong disease resistance, efficient feed conversion rate, fast growth, and delicious meat. Among various tilapia species, *Oreochromis niloticus* (Nile tilapia) is especially favored by farmers for its high male ratio, rapid reproduction, and high yield. Maoming City in Guangdong Province has effectively utilized its favorable geographical location and natural conditions to vigorously develop the aquaculture industry of *Oreochromis aureus* (golden tilapia), achieving significant success. The tilapia farming industry in Maoming has reached a considerable scale. In 2003, the area dedicated to monoculture and mixed culture of tilapia reached 380,000 mu, with a total production of 13,003 tons, representing a 44.73% increase from 89,845 tons in 2001. This accounted for one-third of the province's total tilapia production, placing Maoming at the top in terms of tilapia output within the province. Based on current pond culture techniques, local aquaculture experience, and reference to technical data on *Oreochromis aureus*, operational procedures have been developed to ensure high-yield tilapia pond farming. **Pond Conditions** The ideal pond size ranges from 5 to 25 mu, preferably 10 to 15 mu. Fingerling ponds should be 1.0–1.8 meters deep, while fish ponds should be 2.5–3.0 meters deep. The pond embankment should be 35–55 cm higher than the water level. Fish ponds are best rectangular in shape, oriented east-west to maximize sunlight and ventilation, with a length-to-width ratio between 1.5:1 and 3.0:1. The bottom should be flat, made of loam or sandy loam, with silt thickness kept within 14–20 cm for good water retention and no leakage. Water sources must meet fisheries water quality standards (GB11607-89). Water supply must be sufficient, especially during peak production months (May to November), with regular water exchange (10–20% per cycle). Each pond should have an independent intake and drainage system, with water transparency maintained around 30 cm. Adequate power and aeration systems are essential. A minimum of 1 kW per mu is required, with diesel generators as backup if needed. Ponds should be equipped with aerators (3 kW impeller or waterwheel type), and automatic feeders for those using hard pellets. **Preparation Before Stocking** Ponds must be cleaned, trimmed, and checked for leaks. Sludge removal should occur once a year, keeping sludge depth below 20 cm. Disinfection can be done using dry or wet methods—dry method involves leaving 8–12 cm of water and applying 50–80 kg of quicklime per mu, while wet method uses 13.5 kg of bleaching powder or 100–150 kg of lime per mu. After water return, 250 kg of fermented organic manure is applied per acre to enrich the water. **Fish Stock Selection and Quality** Stocks must come from licensed hatcheries and be purebred, uniform in size (less than 10% weight variation), healthy, and free of injuries or diseases. Male tilapia hybrids such as F1 Nile tilapia or Uigurine hybrids are preferred for faster growth and higher survival rates. **Fry Cultivation** Fry ponds should be 2–3 mu in size, with a depth of at least 1.5 m. Water should be filtered through 40–60 mesh nets before introducing fry. Organic fertilizer is added after 7 days, and fry are stocked when plankton blooms. Temperature differences between transport and cultivation water should not exceed ±2°C, and the water temperature should remain above 22°C. Fry density is typically 8–10 million per acre. **Fish Breeding and Management** After 20 days, fry grow to 10–11 cm and weigh 25–50 grams. Before harvesting, fish are disinfected using salt, bleach, or penicillin. Feeding is done twice daily with pelleted feed containing 32% crude protein. Water quality management is critical, with pH maintained between 7–8, dissolved oxygen above 3 mg/L, and regular use of aerators. Preventing "old water" and "turning water" phenomena is crucial, requiring timely water changes and lime application. **Disease Prevention** Tilapia are prone to gill disease, ulcers, and bacterial infections. Preventive measures include maintaining stable water temperatures, avoiding antibiotics, and using sulfa agents. In high-temperature conditions, ascites disease may occur, which can be managed with lime and antibiotics. Overall, these practices ensure efficient, sustainable, and profitable tilapia farming, contributing significantly to Maoming’s aquaculture success.

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