Vibrio sclerotiorum stalk rot
Symptoms
This disease primarily affects the Yangtze River basin. It typically appears at the base of the stem near the ground. The affected area turns light grey-green and eventually loses its green color, turning pale white. A thick layer of white mycelium develops on the diseased part, with filaments extending both upward and downward for a short distance. As the infection spreads into the surrounding soil, the mycelium gradually changes from yellow to brown. In the later stages, dark brown seedlings grow over the entire surface of the affected area. The mycelium can also penetrate into the rotted root tissue. Many black sclerotia are found within the infected tissues, and in severe cases, the plants die.
Pathogen
The pathogen is *Sclerotinia trifoliorum* Erikss., which belongs to the genus *Aspergillus* subfungus. The structure consists of a sclerotium that is tuberous in shape. Sclerotia are spherical to elliptical, black in color, with a rough surface, measuring 3–5 mm in size. The apical part is funnel-shaped or disc-shaped, with a light reddish-brown color. The sac-stick is rod-shaped to cylindrical, ranging from 147–2349 µm in length and 3–16.5 µm in width. Ascospores are oval to elliptical, measuring 8–20 µm in length and 5–13 µm in width. Sexual spores are spherical, approximately 2–3 µm in diameter.
Transmission Routes and Conditions
The pathogen mainly survives as sclerotia in the soil during winter. In the following year, these sclerotia germinate, leading to the initial infection through the ascus disk and the release of ascospores. However, the ascospores cannot directly infect healthy broad bean plants. Instead, after germination, they produce a large amount of hyphae in the soil beneath the host’s stem base. These hyphae grow and expand along the surface of the host, weakening its resistance and waiting for the right moment to invade. When the temperature is between 15–18°C and humidity is high, a large number of appositional discs form, releasing ascospores to initiate infection. The optimal temperature for disease development is 17–22°C, typically occurring from February to April, with rapid spread in April and May. Fields close to areas like Ziyunying or those with crop rotation are more prone to this disease. Overly dense planting and poor drainage between rows can lead to higher incidence rates.
Control Methods
(1) Implement crop rotation with grass crops for 2–3 years. Timely tillage should be done, and seeds should not be sown too densely. Field sclerotia should be removed regularly, and diseased plants should be collected and burned or buried deeply after harvest.
(2) Apply enzyme compost or fully decomposed organic fertilizer, use scientific fertilization techniques, avoid excessive nitrogen application, and increase phosphorus, potassium, and lime levels.
(3) Strengthen field management, and ensure proper drainage after rain to prevent excessive moisture buildup.
(4) Spray a 36% Thiophanate-containing suspension diluted 500 times, or a 40% Sulfur-containing suspension diluted 600 times, or a 50% Benomyl WP diluted 1500 times, or a 60% Anti-mold Agent No. 2 diluted 800 times. Apply 50–60 liters per 667 m², once every 10 days, and continue for 2–3 applications for effective control.
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