Plastic greenhouse mushroom cultivation method

The Yuan Mushroom, scientifically known as *Hohenbuehelia serotina*, is also referred to as the sub-lateral ear. This wild edible fungus typically has fruiting bodies that range in size from medium to slightly larger, with a cap diameter of 3 to 12 cm. The caps are flat-spherical, semi-circular, or kidney-shaped, displaying a yellow-green color with a viscous texture and short hairs along the edges. The flesh is white and thick, while the gills are pale yellow to white, and the stem is lateral. Native to Heilongjiang Province, this rare mushroom has seen a steady increase in market value over the years, currently selling for at least 20 yuan per kilogram, with prices rising to over 40 yuan per kilogram during certain seasons. For decades, the cultivation of edible fungi in Heilongjiang has primarily focused on black fungus. However, the Yuan Mushroom, despite its high market potential, remains largely unexploited due to the lack of established cultivation techniques. To address this gap, this article introduces large-scale production methods using plastic greenhouses, aiming to promote the commercialization of this valuable species. **Environmental Requirements** - **Temperature**: Mycelium grows best between 6°C and 32°C, with an optimal range of 20°C to 25°C. Growth is inhibited above 34°C. For fruit body development, temperatures should be between 5°C and 22°C, ideally 5°C to 15°C, making early spring and late autumn ideal for cultivation. - **Moisture**: During mycelium growth, the substrate moisture should be around 65%. Below 60%, mycelium growth becomes weak. During fruiting, air humidity must remain around 85%. Too low (below 80%) can slow growth, while over 95% may cause discoloration and rot. - **Air**: As an aerobic fungus, the mycelium can grow in sealed bags, but the fruiting stage requires fresh air. Lack of oxygen leads to poor fruiting or deformed mushrooms. - **Light**: Mycelium thrives in darkness, but fruiting requires some scattered light. Complete darkness prevents fruiting, while excessive light causes pale caps, reducing market value. **Culture Material Selection and Formulation** Local materials such as hardwood sawdust, Corn cobs, and bean stalks are commonly used. Auxiliary materials include bran, soybean meal, gypsum, lime, and sugar. Several formulas are recommended, including: - Formula 1: 78% hardwood sawdust, 20% bran, 1% sugar, 1% gypsum - Formula 2: 50% softwood sawdust, 30% corn cob, 16% bran, 4% lime - Formula 3: 50% bean straw powder, 40% corn cob, 5% bran, 5% lime - Formula 4: 47.5% corn cob, 47.5% soybean meal, 5% quicklime - Formula 5: 95% main ingredients (corn cob, sawdust, bean meal), 2.5% compound fertilizer, 2.5% quicklime **Bagging and Inoculation** Use polyethylene tubes with a diameter of 20–28 cm and a length of 50–55 cm. Fill them with three layers of material and four layers of inoculum. Ensure proper ventilation by leaving a 1.5–2 cm vent in the middle. Place the bags in a shaded, dry area and culture at 25°C. Turn the bags daily for the first three days, and monitor temperature to ensure it does not exceed 28°C. Germination typically takes about 30 days. **Production Season and Fruiting Management** - **Early Spring Cultivation**: Based on local climate, fruiting usually occurs around April 15, with harvest starting in July. Bagging should occur in late March, with the third batch ready in two months and the second batch in one month. - **Late Autumn Cultivation**: Due to colder conditions after mid-November, the fruiting period should be delayed by three months, starting around November 15. All other steps follow the same schedule as early spring. **Mushroom Shed Setup** A south-facing shed with good ventilation and moisture control is ideal. A typical size is 666.66 square meters, with 1060 meters of space. Avoid overly large or small structures. Unlike traditional winter sheds, this design allows for adequate moisture retention and partial shading without full insulation. **First Tidal Mushroom Management** After placing the bags in the shed, arrange them in 4–5 rows, leaving 60–80 cm between each. Maintain humidity for 10–15 days until primordia form. Cut the bag covering the primordia to expose it, but avoid fully opening the ends to maintain moisture. Gradually increase humidity over 5–7 days until spore release. **Subsequent Tidal Mushroom Production** After the first harvest, prepare new beds in the shed, filling them with water and allowing it to absorb completely. Remove the mushroom bags and place them in the pots, sealing the soil around them. Spray 0.2% compound fertilizer and maintain proper ventilation. After 15 days, buds will appear. Continue increasing humidity until spores are released. Repeat this process for 3–4 harvests, achieving a biological efficiency of 100–150%. **Pest and Disease Control** - **Trichoderma viride (Green Mold)**: Spread rapidly in moist conditions. Treat with 40% carbendazim diluted 700 times or remove infected material immediately. - **Cephalosporium sp.**: Causes brown spots on the substrate. Improve ventilation, reduce humidity, and spray thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim at appropriate dilutions. - **Physiological Diseases**: Include coral-like fruit bodies, long-stemmed mushrooms, and shriveled fruit bodies. These are often caused by improper lighting, temperature, or humidity. - **Insect Pests**: Such as mushrooms flies, nematodes, springtails, and mollusks. Prevent infestations by using screens, spraying insecticides like trichlorfon or dichlorvos, and maintaining cleanliness. By selecting high-quality strains, using proper substrates, managing the environment carefully, and implementing effective pest control measures, the cultivation of Yuan Mushroom in plastic greenhouses can become both efficient and profitable. With continued research and application, this technique has the potential to significantly boost the commercial production of this rare and valuable edible fungus.

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