Broccoli (broccoli) breeding techniques

Broccoli is one of the most significant vegetable export crops in Zhejiang Province, with an annual planting area consistently maintained around 10,000 hectares. However, due to its sowing season falling between July and September—when high temperatures and typhoon activity are common—the challenge lies in making the most of the limited growth window to produce healthy seedlings. This has become a critical factor in the successful production, processing, and export of broccoli. To address this issue, the Xiangshan County Modern Agricultural Experiment Field initiated a project from 2001 to 2002, successfully cultivating 140 hectares of broccoli seedlings. The following details outline the key aspects of broccoli seedling cultivation. First, understanding the environmental requirements for broccoli seedling growth is essential. Broccoli is a cool-season crop, with germination occurring best at temperatures between 3°C and 25°C. The optimal temperature for plant growth is 20–22°C, while low temperatures below -5°C can cause frost damage. Flower bud differentiation is not strictly temperature-dependent, but early varieties require average temperatures below 20°C to develop properly. If exposed to cold during the seedling stage, broccoli may form small, non-commercial flower buds. Additionally, broccoli requires adequate light but is not overly sensitive to direct sunlight. It thrives in humid conditions but is not drought-tolerant or waterlogged-resistant. Proper moisture control is especially important during the nursery phase, where soil should be loose, well-drained, and rich in organic matter. Second, the choice of nursery method depends on the variety and local conditions. In Zhejiang’s eastern coastal areas, open-field sowing combined with shade nets and agricultural film is commonly used to regulate temperature and protect against rain. Third, strong seedlings should be 30–35 days old, with 5–6 true leaves, robust stems, and no signs of pests or disease. They should have thick leaves, good root development, and a compact growth habit. Fourth, preparing the seedbed involves selecting suitable land free from cruciferous crops for the past two years. Soil should be tilled a week before sowing, with fertilizer applied at a rate of 25 kg per 667 square meters. Seedbeds should be 2 meters wide, with 40–50 cm grooves and 15–20 cm height. Disinfection using a mixture of 25% Luyangmycin and 40.7% Loe Si helps prevent diseases and pests. Weeding is also crucial, and herbicides like Dole can be used to reduce weed competition. Fifth, sowing timing is critical. Early-maturing varieties are sown from mid-July to mid-August, while late-maturing types are planted from mid-September to early October. Seed rates vary depending on the variety, with calculations based on germination rates and safety factors. Sowing should be done evenly, often using fine sand to ensure uniform distribution. Sixth, seedbed management includes monitoring germination, controlling temperature and moisture, and protecting seedlings from extreme weather. Shade nets are used during hot days, and drainage is essential after heavy rains. Pest control measures include fungicides and insecticides, applied at different stages of seedling growth. Finally, when seedlings reach the 5–6 leaf stage, they are ready for transplanting. A small amount of urea is applied two days before transplanting, and seedlings are carefully selected and transplanted with sufficient soil to minimize root damage. Proper irrigation ensures that young plants establish themselves quickly and grow vigorously.

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