Paddy rice weevil

The scientific name *Echinocnemus squameus* (Billherg) belongs to the order Coleoptera. It is commonly known as the rice elephant beetle. This pest is widely distributed across various rice-growing regions in the country. The host plants of this insect include rice, cotton, melons, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, wheat, and corn. The larvae feed on the roots of rice plants underground, causing them to turn yellow and eventually wither in severe infestations. Adult beetles feed on young rice seedlings near the water surface, creating a series of horizontal holes in the leaves. These damaged plants often break easily and float on the water. Morphologically, adult beetles are approximately 5 mm in length, with a gray-black body covered in dense yellowish scales. The head extends into a slightly curved tube-like structure, with the mouthparts located at the tip. Their antennae end in slightly enlarged, dark brown segments. The wings have 10 longitudinal grooves, with the inner three being slightly darker, while the last two or three are finer. A rectangular white spot is present on the wing. The eggs are oval, measuring 0.6–0.9 mm, translucent, and initially white before turning dark yellow. The final-instar larvae measure about 9 mm in length, with a brown head and a milky-white body covered in wrinkles. They curl towards the ventral side and lack legs. Pupae are about 5 mm long, with fine wrinkles on the ventral surface, and have one pair of stings at the distal end—white at the base and gray at the tip. In terms of living habits, the rice elephant beetle has different generations depending on the region. In Zhejiang, there is one generation per year, while in Jiangxi and Guizhou, it also has one generation, but in Guangdong, there are two generations. Adults overwinter in the first generation area, and some cross between generations. Both adults and larvae can survive the winter, with larvae often overwintering in the rhizosphere at depths of 3–6 cm. Adults may also overwinter in fields and weeds. In southern Jiangsu, overwintering adults lay eggs from May to June, and the next generation emerges in October. In Jiangxi, adults lay eggs in mid-May, and larvae hatch by mid-July. The second generation of larvae appears in late July to early August, and some larvae may overwinter after pupation or emerge in October. The population peaks during the early rice regrowth period. One generation takes about 2 months, while the second generation can last up to 8 months. Eggs hatch in 5–6 days, larvae develop for 60–70 days, and overwintering larvae can survive for up to 6–7 months. During the flood season, adults become active in the morning and evening, hiding in grasses or between rice stems during the day. They exhibit pseudo-death behavior and are phototactic. Before laying eggs, they create small holes about 3 cm from the surface of rice stems or leaf sheaths, depositing 13–20 eggs per hole. Larvae prefer to feed on young rice roots, typically in soil layers 3–7 cm deep. Sandy paddy fields, dry land, and areas with poor water retention are more vulnerable. Warm and rainy spring conditions favor larval development and emergence. Early spring rice during the tillering stage is ideal for adult egg-laying. For prevention, agricultural control measures include removing weeds along field edges and ditches. Spring plowing should be thorough to expose adults and larvae in the soil, allowing them to be buried or burned. In severely infested areas, 50% pine oleoresin oil diluted 800 times or 90% trichlorfon crystals diluted 600 times can be applied. Alternatively, 100 ml of 40% methyl isothiophosphate emulsifiable concentrate per 667 m² can be sprayed when rice leaves are damaged. Another option is to apply 175 ml of 40% methyl isothiophosphate cream per 667 m² as a poisoned soil treatment, achieving a 96% control rate within 10 days. Additionally, 3% dandan granules can be scattered in the field. Combining this with draining the field and applying lime or tea cake powder (40–50 kg per 667 m²) enhances effectiveness.

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