The principle of fertilizing soybean with high yield

Soybeans are among the crops that require significant amounts of fertilizer to achieve high yields and quality. Proper fertilization is essential for maximizing productivity and ensuring healthy plant growth. The type and amount of fertilizer should be carefully selected based on the variety, soil conditions, and farming practices. On average, for every 100 kg of soybean grain produced, the plant absorbs approximately 7.0–9.5 kg of nitrogen, 1.3–1.9 kg of phosphorus, and 2.5–3.7 kg of potassium. Nitrogen is the most critical nutrient, followed by potassium, while sulfur, copper, molybdenum, boron, and zinc are also essential in smaller quantities. A portion of the nitrogen comes from biological fixation through root nodules, with the rest being taken up from the soil and added fertilizers. During the early growth stages, soybeans absorb only about 4% of their total nitrogen. This increases significantly during the flowering and podding phases, reaching around 19% of the total. By the time the plants enter the seed-filling stage, they absorb over 70% of the nitrogen needed. After this period, nitrogen uptake slows down. Phosphorus absorption is relatively low in the early stages, with only 15% taken up from emergence to early flowering, but rises to 60% during the flowering and pod development phase. Potassium is absorbed more rapidly than nitrogen or phosphorus, especially during the early growth stages, with 32% of the total uptake occurring before flowering. Potassium demand remains high, with 62% of the total being absorbed during the flowering period. In general, the podding stage is when soybeans take up the majority of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, often at a rapid rate. Insufficient nutrient supply during this time can lead to nutrient deficiency, which may result in poor yield and weak plant growth. To support optimal growth, several fertilizer application methods are recommended. First, micro-fertilizer treatments can be applied to seeds. For example, rhizobium powder (20–30 g per 250 kg of seeds) mixed with 250 g of water can enhance nitrogen fixation. Ammonium molybdate (5–10 g per 5 kg of seeds) dissolved in warm water can also be used for seed treatment. In cases of boron or zinc deficiency, a 0.05% borax or 0.1% zinc sulfate solution can be sprayed onto the seeds before planting. For base fertilization, organic manure is typically used as the main source. About 2000–3000 kg of high-quality farmyard manure per acre is recommended for spring soybeans. In summer soybeans, where time is limited, either organic or chemical fertilizers can be used. For low-fertility soils, apply 6–7 kg of nitrogen, 10–12 kg of phosphorus, and 4–5 kg of potassium per acre. For high-fertility plots, reduce the amount accordingly and mix it into the soil before planting. Topdressing should be done according to the crop's needs and growth stage. If no basal fertilizer was applied, 3–4 kg of urea or 10–15 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per mu, along with 20 kg of calcium superphosphate and 10 kg of potash, can be applied. Nitrogen should be applied during the early seedling and flowering stages, while phosphorus and potassium should be applied earlier. Topdressing is best done using a trench method. During the flowering and podding phase, fast-acting fertilizers such as 2–5 kg of urea and 7–8 kg of potash per acre should be applied 5–7 days before flowering to meet the plant’s high nutrient demands. Foliar feeding is another effective technique, especially during the calyx stage when nutrient demand is highest. As roots begin to age, the plant’s ability to absorb nutrients declines, making foliar applications crucial. Spraying nutrient-rich solutions on leaves can improve leaf function and increase grain density. A typical foliar spray includes 1 kg of available phosphate, 0.5–1 kg of urea, or 1.5–2 kg of superphosphate, or 0.2–0.3 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate diluted in 50–60 kg of water. Calcium superphosphate should be soaked for 24–28 hours before use. Apply the solution in the evening, focusing on the underside of the leaves. Begin spraying from the scab stage, repeating every 7–10 days for 2–3 times. This method can boost yields by 10–20%.

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