The principle of fertilizing soybean with high yield

Soybeans are one of the crops that require significant amounts of fertilizer to achieve high yields and quality. Fertilization is a critical factor in ensuring the success of soybean cultivation. Therefore, it's essential to consider various factors such as the variety characteristics, soil fertility, and farming practices when applying fertilizers. On average, for every 100 kg of soybean grain produced, the plant absorbs about 7.0-9.5 kg of nitrogen, 1.3-1.9 kg of phosphorus, and 2.5-3.7 kg of potassium. Among these, nitrogen is the most needed, followed by potassium, while trace elements like sulfur, copper, molybdenum, boron, and zinc also play an important role. A portion of the nitrogen required by soybeans comes from biological nitrogen fixation through root nodules, while the rest is obtained from the soil and applied fertilizers. During the seedling stage, only about 4% of the total nitrogen is absorbed. This increases to 19% during the flowering and podding stages, and reaches up to 70% during the seed development period. After this, the uptake of nitrogen slows down significantly. Phosphorus absorption begins early, with about 15% taken up from emergence to early flowering, 60% during the flowering and pod formation phase, and 20% during the later grain-filling stage. Potassium is absorbed more rapidly, with 32% of the total being taken up from emergence to the blooming stage. Potassium uptake peaks during the flowering period, accounting for 62% of the total during the grain-filling stage. Only 6% is absorbed after that. In summary, the podding stage is the most critical period for soybean nutrient uptake, especially for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. If the supply of nutrients is insufficient, the plants may suffer from nutrient deficiency, which can negatively affect yield and quality. To ensure proper nutrition, several fertilization techniques can be used: 1. **Micro-fertilizer application**: Rhizobium powder can be used to inoculate seeds, typically at a rate of 20-30 g per 250 kg of seeds, mixed with 250 g of water. For micronutrient deficiencies, such as molybdenum, boron, or zinc, specific solutions can be sprayed on the seeds before sowing. 2. **Base fertilizer application**: For spring soybeans, organic manure is often used as a base fertilizer, with 2000-3000 kg of well-decomposed farmyard manure per acre. In summer soybean fields, where time is limited, either organic or chemical fertilizers can be applied. For low-fertility soils, 6-7 kg of nitrogen, 10-12 kg of phosphorus, and 4-5 kg of potassium per acre are recommended. 3. **Top-dressing**: Timely top-dressing is crucial, especially if no base fertilizer was applied. Urea or ammonium bicarbonate can be used at 3-4 kg or 10-15 kg per mu, along with 20 kg of calcium superphosphate. Nitrogen should be applied during the early growth stages, while phosphorus and potassium should be added earlier to support overall development. 4. **Foliar feeding**: As soybeans enter the reproductive stage, their root systems begin to decline, reducing nutrient absorption. Foliar sprays can help maintain leaf function and improve grain density. A typical solution includes 1 kg of phosphoric acid, 0.5-1 kg of urea, or 1.5-2 kg of superphosphate, diluted in 50-60 kg of water. Spraying should be done on sunny evenings, and repeated every 7-10 days for 2-3 times.

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