Technical Guidelines for Soybean Spring Broadcasting in Northeast China in 2009

Last autumn and winter, the northeastern region experienced below-average precipitation, leading to insufficient soil moisture and severe drought conditions. However, this spring has brought more rain and snow than usual. Temperatures have risen rapidly since early April, with both temperature and precipitation levels close to normal. Based on a thorough investigation, the Soybean Experts’ Steering Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, in collaboration with the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, has issued guidelines for the sowing of spring soybeans. First, it is crucial to select high-quality seeds. Due to the dry weather last autumn, some soybeans may not have matured properly, increasing the risk of mechanical damage during harvesting. This can reduce germination rates. Therefore, careful seed selection is essential. It is recommended to use a particle selection method, remove damaged seeds, and conduct a germination test to ensure purity and viability. Choose varieties that are high-yielding, adaptable, and of good quality. Also, due to rising temperatures from climate change, it’s important to match the maturity period of the selected varieties with local weather conditions to avoid planting outside the optimal zone, which could lead to high moisture content at harvest and potential losses. Second, proper pre-sowing seed treatment is necessary. Pre-sprouting can increase germination by about 13% and speed up emergence by 2–3 days. Seed coating or dressing is also important, especially when temperatures are low or drought occurs. A ratio of 1:75 to 1:100 is recommended for seed coating agents. For root rot control, mix 50% of the seeds with 0.5% fungicide or 50% carbendazim at 0.3%. In pest-infested areas, use seed treatments that combine both bactericidal and insecticidal agents. If no coating is used, apply 35% methylthiophosphorus EC to protect against underground pests. Adding ammonium molybdate can improve emergence and nitrogen fixation. Third, appropriate sowing methods should be adopted. With increased snowfall this spring, it's advisable to avoid snow removal to prevent water loss. Previously turned land should be sown flat, while poorly drained soils should be deep-plowed and sown shallowly. Use inter-vehicle mulching to retain moisture and prevent soil drying. Fourth, timely sowing is critical. Despite the snow, the soil remains dry. Sow when the topsoil temperature stabilizes above 5°C. Use deep ditching and shallow coverage to ensure even seed placement. After sowing, press the soil to a depth of 2 cm. Monitor fields regularly after sowing, checking for gaps and replanting as needed. Fifth, promote soil testing and formula fertilization. Many farmers rely on experience, leading to nutrient imbalances. Follow soil test results to apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the right proportions. Encourage straw return and adjust nitrogen application based on soil conditions. Apply potassium and magnesium where needed. Fertilizers should be placed 4–5 cm deep to avoid burning seeds. Sixth, use herbicides safely. Choose appropriate methods based on weed types. Avoid using certain herbicides on dry or sensitive soils. Glyphosate can be effective for perennial weeds before sowing. Post-emergence herbicides like quizalofop or flupirtine are suitable for leafy weeds. Avoid long-lasting herbicides that may harm crops. Finally, manage diseases and pests effectively. Warmer winters may increase pest populations. Use targeted seed coatings, such as 35% carbofuran for root rot or 2.5% chlorpyrifos for root fly control. Monitor for pests like two-spotted spider mites and Mongolian grey weevils. Apply insecticides like acetamiprid or dichlorvos as needed. Use baits to control rodents after emergence. These measures aim to ensure successful soybean cultivation despite variable weather conditions.

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