Technical Guidelines for Soybean Spring Broadcasting in Northeast China in 2009

Last autumn and winter, the northeastern region experienced below-average precipitation, leading to insufficient soil moisture and severe drought conditions. However, this spring has seen more rain and snow than usual. Temperatures have risen rapidly since early April, bringing conditions closer to normal levels. Based on a thorough investigation, the Soybean Experts' Steering Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, in collaboration with the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, has issued guidelines for the sowing of spring soybeans. First, it is essential to select high-quality seeds. Due to the dry conditions last autumn, soybeans may not have matured properly, increasing the risk of seed damage during mechanical harvesting. Therefore, careful selection is crucial—using particle sorting to remove damaged seeds and conducting germination tests to ensure quality. Choose varieties that are high-yielding, adaptable, and of good quality. Also, due to rising temperatures from climate change, it's important to match the maturity period of the variety to local weather conditions to avoid overplanting and potential issues like high moisture content at harvest. Second, proper seed treatment is key. Pre-sowing sprouting can improve germination by about 13% and speed up emergence by 2–3 days. Seed coating or dressing is recommended, especially when temperatures are low or drought occurs. A 1:75 to 1:100 ratio of seed coating agents can help prevent diseases like root rot. For pest-infested areas, use coatings containing both fungicides and insecticides. If no coating is used, apply 35% methylthiophosphorus EC to protect against underground pests. Adding ammonium molybdate can enhance emergence and nitrogen fixation. Third, choose appropriate sowing methods. With more snow this spring, avoid excessive snow removal to prevent soil drying. In previously turned fields, consider flat sowing instead of ridge planting. Deep trenches and shallow covering are recommended for poorly drained soils. Mulching between rows can help retain moisture. Fourth, time your planting carefully. Even with more snow, the soil remains dry due to last year’s drought. Sow when the topsoil temperature stabilizes above 5°C, using deep furrowing and shallow coverage to ensure even seed placement. After sowing, press the soil to 2 cm depth to maintain consistency. Monitor fields regularly, checking for gaps or weak growth within 3–5 days and replanting as needed. Fifth, implement soil testing and formula fertilization. Many farmers rely on experience, leading to nutrient imbalances. Follow the Ministry of Agriculture’s soil testing program to apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium based on soil analysis. Return straw to the field, adjust nitrogen application, and supplement potassium and magnesium as needed. Apply fertilizer 4–5 cm deep to avoid burning seeds. Sixth, use herbicides safely. Choose herbicides based on weed types and soil conditions. Avoid certain chemicals in sensitive soils. Glyphosate can be effective before sowing to control perennial weeds. Use appropriate rates depending on soil moisture, and target herbicides to specific growth stages to minimize damage. Seventh, manage diseases and pests. Warmer winters may increase pathogen survival. Use seed treatments to control pests like soybean cyst nematodes and root flies. Apply insecticides at critical times, and use traps or baits for rodents. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are essential for successful crop protection.

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