The main breeding grass carp standardized culture technology

In Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province, grass carp farming has become the dominant method of freshwater aquaculture. Grass carp are favored for their ability to keep water clear, high oxygen tolerance, strong appetite, and resistance to diseases. However, due to the lack of standardized practices in many aspects of their cultivation, fish farmers face increased risks of disease outbreaks and economic losses. Based on years of experimental experience, we have come to understand that "To maintain healthy fish, you must first manage the water quality. Prevention is better than cure when it comes to fish diseases." Below is a detailed summary of the standardized techniques for raising mature grass carp. 1. **Pond Conditions** The pond should be located in an area with abundant water supply, good transportation access, and reliable electricity. The shape should be rectangular, with the longer side running east-west and the shorter side north-south. The depth should be around 3 meters, with a water depth of 2–2.5 meters. An ideal size is about 8 acres. The water source must meet national fishery standards, allowing for easy water exchange. The soil should have good water retention and fertility, and a feeding platform should be installed along the long side of the pond. A 3-kW aerator is also essential for maintaining water quality. 2. **Fish Stocking** The fish species introduced should be healthy, uniform in size, and free from disease. It's important that all fish come from the same source to ensure consistency. The main species is grass carp, supplemented with silver carp, bighead carp, and other compatible species. Silver carp consume feed debris and help break down organic matter, improving water quality without competing with grass carp. However, because carp are more aggressive and may interfere with grass carp feeding, they should be kept at lower numbers. For a pond with a target yield of 1000 kg per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares), the recommended stocking is: 700 grass carp (100 g/tail), 300 bighead carp (50 g/tail), 80 silver carp (50 g/tail), 500 Chinese softshell turtles (10 g/tail), and 300 crucian carp (25 g/tail). 3. **Feeding Practices** After acclimating the fish to commercial feed, it’s crucial to follow the “four determinations” (fixed time, quantity, quality, and location) and “four observations” (monitoring fish behavior, feeding activity, water quality, and health). Use specialized grass carp pellets, as feeds with improper protein levels can lead to higher costs or nutritional deficiencies. Fresh green materials should be used, and feeding should be done using a bait feeder to distribute food evenly, ensuring even consumption by all fish. Feeding frequency varies: three times daily from March to April (8:30 AM, 11:30 AM, 3:00 PM), and four times daily in May and September (8:00 AM, 11:00 AM, 1:30 PM, 3:30 PM). After each feeding, check that 80% of the fish have eaten. It’s best to feed grass in the evening or at night, as daytime feeding may reduce pellet intake. 4. **Water Quality Management** Grass carp thrive in clear water, but their high feeding and excretion rates require frequent water changes to prevent pollution. Maintain a water transparency of over 30 cm. From April 1st to 5th, apply lime to the pond—50 kg per mu for 1m depth, 150 kg for 1.5m, and 200 kg for 2m. Add water the next day. In late May, apply another round of lime at 50–60 kg per mu, followed by water addition. From June onward, every 8 days, apply 15–25 kg of phosphate fertilizer per acre to promote plankton growth. Lime and phosphate should alternate every 15 days. On June 20th, apply 60–75 kg of lime per acre, then add water the next day. During the hot season (July–September), maintain the highest water level, adding 20 cm of water every 5–7 days. Also, pump in new water once every 15 days, starting with 10 cm of fresh water before draining old water. Avoid pumping during cloudy or rainy weather. If algae or red water appears, avoid using lime or nitrogen fertilizers. Instead, use phosphate after a large water change. Always adjust water quality before treating diseases. 5. **Disease Prevention** Prevention is key in intensive grass carp farming. Focus on strict disinfection and regular medication. The period between Gu Yu (Grain Rain) and Xia Sha (Minor Heat) is considered the “golden season” for disease prevention. One week before stocking, drain 20 cm of water and spray the entire pond with 125 kg of lime slurry to achieve a “three white” effect—white bottom, white walls, and white water—to kill pathogens and improve water quality. At the end of April, spray trichlorfon and salt (0.5 kg and 5 kg per acre) and add water three days later. Repeat this process in late June, adjusting if rain occurs. In early May, feed medicated baits containing trichlorfon and salt to prevent parasites and enteritis. Mix 150–250 g of trichlorfon with 10 kg of cold water and 50 kg of bran, add 1.5 kg of salt, and feed after 20 minutes. This bait can be used for three consecutive days. For diseases like gill rot, red skin, and enteritis, first replace part of the water and apply quicklime (75–100 kg per mu), then add more water the next day. For severe cases, one week after applying lime, spray 0.5 kg trichlorfon and 5 kg salt per acre, then add water after 2–3 days. For Chinese sturgeon disease, apply 0.5 kg Eradix per acre for 1m depth, 0.6 kg for 1.5m, and 0.75 kg for 2m, plus 0.75 kg copper sulfate and 0.2 kg ferrous sulfate. Monitor carefully, especially during rain, to prevent floating heads. 6. **Daily Management** Conduct three inspections daily—morning, afternoon, and midnight—to monitor feeding, water quality, fish activity, and signs of disease. Remove excess vegetation and dead fish promptly. At night, assign shifts to observe the pond hourly, and activate the aerator if needed. Keep detailed records of all activities to support future improvements in management and production planning.

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