Red tilapia and its main cultured species

Red tilapia, also known as "red tilapia" in Guangdong, "Hong Wu Guoyu" in Taiwan, and "Aka Kuro" in Japan, is a popular fish species due to its vibrant red color, lack of black film in the body cavity, tender flesh, and fast growth rate. It is highly productive, efficient, and widely favored by consumers. Cultivation of red tilapia can be found in many countries, including Israel, the United States, Thailand, the Philippines, and Taiwan, China. The earliest introduction of red tilapia into mainland China occurred in 1973 when it was gifted by Chinese descendants and placed at the Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute. In 1981, it was reintroduced from Taiwan, and breeding and aquaculture efforts were promoted. By the early 1990s, the coastal shrimp farming industry faced disease outbreaks, leading to many idle ponds. Operators began to see the potential of using these ponds for red tilapia farming. Relevant authorities introduced and selected various strains, promoting red tilapia cultivation. Today, it has become a key species for pond and cage culture in both coastal and inland waters. Over the past decade, multiple strains have been introduced for breeding and aquaculture promotion. Below are the biological characteristics and main cultivated species: 1. **Biological Characteristics** - **Body Size and Color**: Red tilapia is a hybrid variant of tilapia, with varying heterozygosity across regions and strains. Its color ranges from pink, red, and orange, with some offspring showing black spots. Body types include Nile tilapia, Onyx, and Mozambique types. - **Habitat and Behavior**: Like other tilapia, it is a tropical, wide-salinity fish that tolerates low oxygen levels and can survive in salinities from 0 to 30 parts per thousand, and temperatures between 15°C and 38°C. It can withstand temperatures as low as 7°C and as high as 42°C. It is omnivorous, feeding on phytoplankton, zooplankton, algae, and organic debris. In captivity, it can be fed soybean cake, peanut meal, rice bran, fishmeal, and compound feed. - **Growth and Reproduction**: Red tilapia grows quickly, reaching 150–750 grams within one year. Fry typically reach sexual maturity in 100–120 days, with variations depending on strain. For example, individuals weighing 300–400 grams in the Hongzhou and Hongqi strains are commonly used for spawning. Methyltestosterone can induce sex reversal, achieving over 95% male rates in juveniles. 2. **Main Cultivated Species** - **Red Nile Tilapia**: Similar to Nile tilapia, this strain has an orange or reddish body, thick and robust, with a red rate up to 75%. Though slightly slower, it is more disease-resistant. - **Flower Bud Tilapia**: Introduced from Taiwan, it has a wide range of colors, including red, orange, black, and gray. It grows faster than Red Nile Tilapia but requires careful selection due to high color variation in offspring. - **Rainbow Tilapia**: A recent strain with pink or red bodies, mainly bred in Taiwan and Fujian. It has a high red rate (over 96%) and large size, though about 10–15% may experience color fading. - **Sin Chau Redfish**: Selected from Southeast Asian strains, it has a high back, transparent scales, and a deep red color (over 99%). Offspring have low color separation, and any gray coloration during cold periods can reverse when water temperature rises. This strain is the fastest-growing among red tilapia, with fry reaching over 500 grams and mature individuals around 350 grams. Its white belly and tender meat make it an excellent choice for commercial farming.

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