Plant biological pesticides plant essential oils

Plant oils, commonly known as essential oils, are the volatile, aromatic components extracted from plant tissues through steam distillation. These oils often carry the distinct scent of the plant they come from and typically contain a mixture of terpenes and biophenols. Most essential oils are complex blends made up of dozens to hundreds of different chemical compounds. At room temperature, they are easily dispersed and tend to evaporate quickly when placed on paper, leaving no residue. They possess a strong, characteristic fragrance and are oily in texture. Essential oils generally have a high refractive index and are often optically active. They dissolve well in concentrated ethanol and various organic solvents but are almost completely insoluble in water. The chemical composition of essential oils varies widely and can include nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds, such as methyl ortho methyl carbamate found in neroli oil or dimethyl sulfide in ginger oil. Aromatic compounds like dill aldehyde, vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol are also common. Additionally, they may contain aliphatic linear compounds, such as leaf aldehydes and myristic acid, as well as terpenoids—particularly sesquiterpenoids like laurinaldehyde, citral, and caryophyllene. Essential oils exhibit various biological activities, including attracting, repelling, killing eggs, fumigating, and disrupting the growth and development of insects. Some essential oils act neurotoxically on pests by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase or acting as antagonists of octopamine, which affects insect nervous systems. When combined with conventional pesticides, essential oils can enhance their effectiveness through synergistic effects, solvent action, and masking the odor of the pesticide. For example, safrole serves as a precursor for synergistic ethers, and when added to parathion, it can increase its efficacy against houseflies by up to tenfold. Similarly, certain citrus essential oils have been shown to improve the performance of cypermethrin. One of the major advantages of essential oils is that they are non-toxic to humans and animals, environmentally friendly, and do not contribute to pesticide resistance. They are safe for plants and their products, have a pleasant aroma, and possess antibacterial properties. Their application can serve dual purposes in pest control and mold prevention, making them highly desirable in the development of eco-friendly pesticides, especially for controlling household pests and maintaining hygiene. From an economic standpoint, mixing essential oils with pesticides or using them as synergists and fragrance agents is entirely feasible. Some of the active compounds in these oils have been identified and can be synthesized easily, with established methods available for large-scale production. This makes them a promising and sustainable alternative in modern agriculture and pest management.

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