High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of Live Dry Rice in Summer

In 1997, the city initiated the cultivation of upland rice, marking a significant shift in agricultural practices. Over the past four years, the city has experienced rapid development, with its planting area continuously expanding. By 2000, the total sown area reached 29.8 million mu, primarily planted during the summer season. The average yield per mu for early rice was 346.4 kg, which was 150 yuan higher than that of summer corn in the same period. This not only boosted farmers' income but also addressed the issue of large areas of abandoned land and the shortage of grasshopper feed, providing a new direction for adjusting the planting structure in the city's traditional grain production zones. The high-yield cultivation techniques have been systematically summarized as follows: **1. Planting Patterns** Upland rice is mainly grown using the "wheat-early rice" pattern. Additionally, two efficient cropping systems—“potato-upland rice” and “onion-upland rice”—are widely adopted. The city cultivates about 100,000 mu of potatoes and 15,000 mu of green onions. Potatoes are usually planted in mid-March and harvested by early June, while green onions are sown in late September and harvested in mid-June. These planting methods, characterized by dry rice, good irrigation, and early sowing, are beneficial for the healthy growth and high yield of upland rice in the summer. **2. Variety Selection** Over the past four years, several varieties were tested, including Brazilian upland rice IA-PAR-9, upland rice 277, upland rice 11, upland rice 65, upland rice 297, drought-resistant variety 2, and Danjing 8. Three varieties were ultimately selected for local conditions: 1. **Brazilian Upland Rice IA-PAR-9**: Known for strong drought resistance and high yield potential, it achieved 513.4 kg per mu in 2000. However, it has a tall plant type (about 120 cm) and weak lodging resistance. It requires a longer growing period of 110–120 days and is suitable for spring or early summer sowing. 2. **Upland Rice 277**: Features strong drought tolerance, high yield, and good lodging resistance. Its summer growth period is around 105 days, making it ideal for post-wheat harvest planting. 3. **Upland Rice 297**: Offers excellent quality, strong drought and lodging resistance, and a slightly lower yield than 277. With a summer growth period of 105–110 days, it matures well in the city and shows the best overall performance. **3. High-Yield Cultivation Techniques** 1. **Fine Sowing**: Most farmers use manual trenching and sowing, though some use mechanical methods. The average spacing is 25 cm. Seed rates vary: 3–4 kg per acre for IA-PAR-9, and 6–7 kg per acre for 277 and 297. Mechanical sowing using wheat seeders works well for large areas. Before sowing, seeds are dried, soaked, and treated. After one day of drying, they are soaked in warm water at 40°C for 12 hours, then sterilized with 300 times carbendazim for another 12 hours. After rinsing, they are soaked in clean water for 24–48 hours, changing the water regularly until the seeds germinate. They are then air-dried and treated with 50% phoxim or 50% methyl iso-phosulfite to prevent underground pests at a dosage of 0.2%–0.3% of the seed weight. Sowing should be completed before June 20, and sufficient planting density is essential. 2. **Scientific Fertilization**: Based on the nutrient requirements of early rice, producing 500 kg of rice needs 10.4 kg N, 4.8 kg P₂O₅, and 12.8 kg K₂O. A balanced fertilization approach is applied, combining base fertilizer and staged application. During land preparation, 3,000 kg of organic manure, 35 kg of ternary compound fertilizer (15-15-15), 15 kg of potassium sulfate, and 2 kg of zinc sulfate are used as base fertilizer. Fertilizer is typically applied in two stages: 5–10 kg of urea before tillering, and 5 kg of urea during the jointing stage. 3. **Chemical Weed Control**: Weeding is critical in upland rice farming. Based on recent experiments, special rice herbicides like No.1 and Nongsi show good results. Application is done uniformly before seedlings emerge. 4. **Plastic Film Covering**: Using plastic film significantly improves soil moisture retention and shortens the growth cycle. In 2000, a 3.6-mu test plot showed an average yield of 442.5 kg per mu, 368.2 kg higher than the control, a 20.2% increase. The method is similar to wheat film covering, with a 90 cm wide film and four rows. Hole sowing is used, with holes spaced 15 cm apart, containing 7–9 seeds each. 5. **Field Management**: - **Watering**: Although upland rice is drought-resistant, irrigation is necessary during dry periods, especially during the booting and flowering stages, when drought can lead to increased empty grains. - **Pest Control**: Key pests include fieldworms, leafhoppers, planthoppers, blast, and sheath blight. For field locusts, 40% or 20% methamidophos EC diluted 1,500 times can be used. For blast, 20% tricyclazole (75–100 g/75 kg water) or 50% mancozeb (600–800 times) is effective. Sheath blight can be controlled with 70% thiophanate-methyl (100–150 g/50–100 kg water) or 50% carbendazim (100 g/50 kg water).

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