High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of Live Dry Rice in Summer

In 1997, the city initiated the cultivation of upland rice, marking a significant shift in local agricultural practices. Over the past four years, the region has experienced rapid growth, with the planting area continuously expanding. By 2000, the total sown area reached 29.8 million mu, primarily during the summer season. The average yield per mu for early rice was 346.4 kg, which was 150 yuan higher than that of summer corn in the same period. This not only boosted farmers' income but also addressed the issue of underutilized land and material shortages for grasshoppers, offering a new direction for adjusting the traditional grain production structure in the city. The successful high-yield cultivation techniques have been summarized into several key areas: **1. Planting Patterns** Upland rice is mainly grown using the "wheat-early rice" rotation system. Additionally, two efficient cropping systems—“potato-upland rice” and “onion-upland rice”—are widely adopted. The city currently cultivates around 100,000 mu of potatoes and 15,000 mu of green onions. Potatoes are typically planted in mid-March and harvested by early June, while green onions are sown in late September and harvested in mid-June. These planting methods, characterized by dry rice, proper rinsing, and early sowing, contribute to better growth and higher yields during the summer season. **2. Variety Selection** Over the past four years, multiple varieties of upland rice were tested, including Brazilian upland rice IA-PAR-9, Upland Rice 277, Upland Rice 11, Upland Rice 65, Upland Rice 297, Drought Overhaul 2, and Danjing 8. After evaluation, three varieties were selected as most suitable for local conditions: - **Brazilian Upland Rice IA-PAR-9**: Known for its strong drought resistance and high yield potential, it achieved 513.4 kg per mu in 2000. However, it has a tall plant height (about 120 cm) and relatively poor lodging resistance, making it more suitable for spring or early summer sowing. - **Upland Rice 277**: Features strong drought resistance, good yield, and excellent lodging resistance. It has a shorter growing period of about 105 days, ideal for summer harvest after wheat. - **Upland Rice 297**: Offers good quality, strong drought and lodging resistance, and a slightly lower yield compared to 277. With a summer sowing period of 105–110 days, it performs well in the city and shows the best overall traits. **3. High-Yield Cultivation Techniques** - **Fine Sowing**: Most farmers use manual trenching and sowing, though some opt for mechanical sowing. The spacing is usually 25 cm. Seed rates vary: 3–4 kg per acre for IA-PAR-9, and 6–7 kg for 277 and 297. For large-scale planting, wheat sowing machines are effective. - **Seed Treatment**: Seeds are dried, soaked in warm water (40°C) for 12 hours, then sterilized with carbendazim (300 times dilution) for another 12 hours. After washing, they are soaked in clean water for 24–48 hours, changing the water regularly until germination begins. Finally, they are treated with phoxim or methyl iso-phosulfite to prevent pests. - **Sowing Timing**: It's recommended to complete sowing before June 20, as earlier sowing leads to better results. - **Scientific Fertilization**: Based on the nutrient needs of early rice, for every 500 kg of rice produced, approximately 10.4 kg of nitrogen, 4.8 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, and 12.8 kg of potassium oxide are required. Organic fertilizer (3,000 kg), 35 kg of ternary compound fertilizer (15-15-15), 15 kg of potassium sulfate, and 2 kg of zinc sulfate are used as base fertilizers. Additional urea is applied in two stages—before tillering and during the booting stage. - **Chemical Weed Control**: Weeding is critical. Specialized herbicides like Nongsi and Rice Remover No.1 show good effectiveness when applied uniformly before emergence. - **Plastic Film Covering**: Using plastic film significantly improves soil moisture retention and shortens the growth cycle. A 2000 trial showed an increase of 368.2 kg per mu, with an overall yield improvement of 20.2%. The method is similar to that used for wheat, with a 90 cm wide film and 4 rows of holes spaced 15 cm apart. - **Field Management**: Proper irrigation is essential, especially during the booting and flowering periods, when water stress can lead to increased empty grains. Pest control includes managing fieldworms, leafhoppers, planthoppers, blast, and sheath blight. Insecticides such as methamidophos, tricyclazole, mancozeb, and carbendazim are used to manage these pests effectively. These techniques have proven highly effective, contributing to both increased productivity and sustainable agricultural development in the region.

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