Pond health breeding management measures
With the rapid expansion of aquaculture and the increasing use of inputs such as feed and medicines, the quality of aquaculture environments like pond bottoms and water bodies has deteriorated. This has led to a higher incidence of diseases among farmed species, causing significant economic losses for farmers and environmental pollution. As people become more health-conscious, consumer demands for aquatic products have grown stricter, placing even greater pressure on the aquaculture industry. To ensure the production of safe, high-quality aquatic products while making efficient use of existing resources, effective pond management and water quality control strategies are essential. 1. **Pond Management** 1.1 **Bottom Cleaning** After each farming cycle, it is crucial to drain the pond and plow the bottom to remove excess silt. Sun exposure and freezing can help eliminate harmful pathogens, improve soil permeability, and promote the decomposition of toxic substances in the mud, which ultimately enhances water quality. 1.2 **Disinfection Before Stocking** Thorough disinfection using lime or bleach before stocking helps kill parasites and unwanted fish, maintains an alkaline environment, and increases water hardness, creating a healthier setting for cultured species. 1.3 **Ongoing Pond Maintenance** For older ponds that cannot be fully cleaned, mechanical removal of sludge is recommended to reduce oxygen consumption and prevent floating issues in farmed organisms. 2. **Aquaculture Structure Adjustment** 2.1 **Three-Dimensional Culture** To maximize space and resources, three-dimensional culture methods such as polyculture of different fish species, shrimp and fish, or shrimp and shellfish can be used. These approaches not only optimize water usage but also improve overall productivity and water quality while reducing disease risks and delaying pond aging. 2.2 **Crop Rotation** Long-term cultivation of the same species in one pond can lead to disease outbreaks. Rotating species, such as switching from fish to shrimp or crabs, helps maintain ecological balance and reduces disease prevalence. 3. **Water Quality Control** Water is the most critical factor in aquaculture. Its quality directly affects both production efficiency and product safety. The water should meet national fishery standards and remain "fat, live, tender, and cool." Water regulation involves physical, chemical, and biological methods. 3.1 **Physical Methods** Regularly replacing pond water with fresh water is the most direct way to improve water quality. Aeration systems should be operated based on actual conditions to prevent oxygen depletion. Bottom modifiers like zeolite powder (150–300 kg/ha every 15 days) can also enhance water and bottom conditions. 3.2 **Chemical Methods** Calcium peroxide can be applied to heavily polluted ponds at 750–1500 kg/ha to improve bottom quality. Lime can be sprinkled regularly (20–40 g/m³ every 1–2 months) to adjust pH levels. When water quality is poor, 10–15 g/m³ of rice water can be added, and in case of floating heads, 10–20 g/m³ of water body treatment is necessary. 3.3 **Biological Regulation** Appropriate fertilization using inorganic or organic materials can promote natural food sources and maintain water clarity. Aquatic plants like duckweed or water hyacinth can be introduced to regulate water quality and provide habitat. Biological agents such as photosynthetic bacteria and beneficial microbes help break down organic waste, reduce ammonia levels, and improve disease resistance. Introducing filter-feeding fish or carnivorous species can further control waste and prevent disease spread. 4. **Suggestions for Healthy Aquaculture** 4.1 **Optimized Farming Models** Choosing appropriate farming models that include suitable facilities, stocking densities, and sustainable practices is vital for long-term success. Eco-friendly and technologically advanced methods are increasingly preferred. 4.2 **Quality Seed Selection** Healthy seedlings are the foundation of successful aquaculture. High-quality, disease-resistant seedlings should come from certified sources that ensure virus-free breeding and proper testing. 4.3 **Scientific Technology** Following national technical guidelines and adopting scientific practices ensures smooth production and better outcomes. 4.4 **Balanced Feeding** Feed should meet national standards, with a focus on green, environmentally friendly options. Reducing harmful additives helps protect water quality and improve product safety. 4.5 **Standardized Management** Routine activities such as water monitoring, disease prevention, and drug use must follow strict guidelines. The use of illegal drugs should be strictly prohibited to ensure the sustainability and safety of aquaculture operations.
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