Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Three Kinds of Pests in Spring Soybean

The first pest to discuss is the yellow tiger, a common crop-damaging insect in local areas. These pests are known for their destructive feeding habits and can cause significant losses to agricultural production. 1. **Damage Characteristics**: The larvae of the yellow tiger cut off young seedlings at ground level, leading to gaps in the planting rows. Once the stems become woody, the larvae feed on the root surface near the epidermis, causing root damage and reducing the plant's ability to absorb water. This leads to gradual wilting and eventual withering of the plants. 2. **Life Habits**: The yellow tiger completes two generations per year. The larvae overwinter in the soil, typically 2–15 cm deep, with the majority found between 7–10 cm. They prefer sunny slopes and bank edges, often residing in the top 5–8 cm of soil during winter. In late spring, around early March, the larvae begin to move. By mid-April, they enter a pupal stage, which lasts about 20–30 days. The most severe damage occurs from May to June. Adult moths are active at night and are strongly attracted to light and chemicals. Eggs are laid on dead leaves, branches, or near the surface of living plants, especially on crops like amaranth, spiny vegetables, and field bindweed. Larvae cause the most damage after the third instar. Both spring and autumn are critical periods, but spring is more dangerous. 3. **Prevention and Control Measures**: - **Monitoring and Forecasting**: Use black lights or sweet-and-sour traps to monitor adult moth populations, typically from mid-April to mid-May. The peak day of moth activity indicates the best time for control, usually 20–25 days before the second or third instar larvae appear. Field surveys can detect larvae at levels above 0.5–1 per square meter, prompting immediate action. Dry weather promotes rapid population growth. - **Agricultural Control**: Rotate crops such as corn with wheat or rice. Plow fields in winter to destroy overwintering larvae and remove weeds in early spring. - **Trapping**: Use black light traps or sweet-and-sour vinegar traps to capture adult moths. - **Chemical Control**: Apply insecticides during the early larval stages (1st to 3rd instars). Recommended options include 90% trichlorfon (800–1000 times dilution), 50% phoxim EC (800 times), 50% methiocarb (1000–2000 times), 20% cypermethrin (1000–1500 times), and 2.5% deltamethrin (3000 times). For bait, mix 0.5 kg of 2.5% trichlorfon powder or 1000 times diluted 90% dichlorvos with chopped grass, or combine with sautéed wheat bran or cottonseed meal. Spread baits in small piles in the evening. Next, we have the nocturnal moth, a new pest that emerged in our area in 2004 and is often mistaken for cabbage or cotton bollworms. 1. **Damage Characteristics**: The larvae are voracious feeders, consuming leaves and leaving large holes. They also feed on buds and soybean pods, causing extensive damage. 2. **Habits**: In northern China, this species has two generations per year. Adults emerge in June, laying eggs that hatch within 7 days. From mid-June to mid-July, the first generation damages soybeans. Young larvae roll leaves while feeding, but older larvae stop rolling and consume large portions of the foliage. They burrow into the soil in July, pupate, and emerge again in August. The second generation feeds heavily on leaves and pods, maturing by September. Adults require nectar and are attracted to light. Young larvae escape when disturbed, while older ones drop to the ground. 3. **Prevention and Control Methods**: - **Trapping**: Use black lights or sweet-and-sour traps to catch adults. - **Chemical Control**: Apply broad-spectrum insecticides such as 21% quinalphos EC (6000 times) or 2.5% kungfu EC (5000 times) before the third instar. Lastly, the red spider, a serious pest affecting legume crops like soybeans. 1. **Damage Characteristics**: Both adult and juvenile red spiders feed on leaf sap, causing yellow and white spots. As infestations worsen, leaves curl, turn brown, and fall off, resembling fire damage. Infested plants grow stunted with smaller pods and reduced yield. 2. **Habits**: Red spiders overwinter in the soil, weeds, or cracks in the earth. They can complete over 10 generations per year. In spring, when temperatures reach 5–7°C, females emerge and reproduce on weeds like dandelion and plantain. By June to July, they migrate to soybean fields, feeding on the underside of leaves. High temperatures and drought promote rapid reproduction. Optimal conditions are 29–30°C and 35–55% humidity. Excessive rain or high humidity reduces their population. Poorly managed fields with weeds or sparse planting are more prone to infestation. 3. **Control Methods**: - **Agricultural Control**: Remove weeds and debris, plow fields to eliminate overwintering pests, and maintain proper irrigation and fertilization to strengthen plant health. - **Biological Control**: Encourage natural predators such as ladybugs, lacewings, and predatory mites to help control spider mite populations. - **Chemical Control**: Monitor for early signs of infestation and apply insecticides immediately. Options include 20% pyridaben EC (1000 times), 20% chlorfenapyr EC (1000 times), 30% chlorate EC (1500 times), and 40% amitraz. Spray thoroughly, focusing on the undersides of leaves. For dense crops, use fumigation with 0.15 kg of "3911" mixed with sand per mu.

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