Winter feeding methods and techniques

Straw, when treated improperly for nutrient deficiencies, can lead to poor cattle health and even loss of animals. However, ammonia treatment of straw significantly improves its palatability, making it more appealing to cows. The process involves chopping the straw into 2-3 cm pieces. For every 100 kg of straw or buckwheat, add 4 kg of urea. First dissolve the urea in 40 liters of water, then mix it with the chopped straw. After thorough mixing, place the material into a sealed container, such as a large drum or cement pit. Compact it tightly, ensure it is airtight, and let it undergo ammoniation for about a month. After that, the treated feed becomes soft, fragrant, and easier to digest. When feeding cows during winter, it's best to use a variety of forages. Mix short grasses with long ones, high-quality grasses with lower quality ones. Examples include wheat straw mixed with green hay, medlar leaves, peanut shells, and other grasses. This combination not only makes the feed more appealing to cows but also provides a well-balanced diet. If the feed contains hard materials, they should be mixed with softer components. For instance, combine corn or soybeans (hard materials) with bran or flour (soft materials). Start by offering the grass first; once the cow is full, gradually add more feed. To enhance flavor, you can roast beans and mix them into the feed. Even without fresh grass, this mixture will still satisfy the cow’s hunger. Urea is an effective way to supplement protein, especially during winter. Calves over six months old can be given 40–60 grams per day, while fattening cattle require 70–100 grams, and adult cows need around 150 grams. Urea has a poor taste, so it should be mixed with 1% concentrate feed before being added to the grass. Avoid giving water for at least 30 minutes after feeding. During winter, manage feeding times carefully. Not only should cows be fed well during the day, but they should also have access to a second feeding at night. Aim for 13–15 kg of grass per day to ensure they stay well-nourished. In cold weather, never give cows cold water. Instead, provide warm water at around 25°C. You can also add a small amount of salt and some bean powder to the water, which encourages drinking and helps keep the cows warm and healthy. Maintain cleanliness in the cowshed by regularly removing manure and keeping the bedding dry and clean. This helps prevent diseases. Each day, lead the cows outside to sunbathe, and gently brush or scrape their bodies to improve circulation and reduce stress.

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