Tomato virus disease

Tomato virus disease is one of the most common and damaging diseases affecting tomato crops, often leading to significant yield losses. The symptoms vary depending on the type of virus involved, but they commonly include mosaic patterns, fern-like leaves, and streaks on the foliage and fruits. Mosaic symptoms typically appear as bright veins or yellow-green mottling on the leaves, accompanied by leaf curling, stunted growth, reduced flowering, and fruit drop. In the streak type, brown spots develop on the leaves, stems, and fruits, with irregular dark brown lesions forming over time. These spots are often uneven in texture, resembling a hedgehog's head. The discoloration is usually limited to the epidermis and does not penetrate into the stem or fruit. Fern leaf-type infections cause severe dwarfing, with young leaves becoming narrow, curled, and tightly spiraled. Leaves may turn purple along the veins, and in severe cases, lower leaves roll into tubes. The fruits become deformed, with pale brown flesh when cut open. Over 20 different viruses can cause tomato virus disease. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is most prevalent during winter and spring, accounting for 52–57% of cases, and it causes mosaic symptoms. It can also co-infect with potato virus, resulting in streaky symptoms. During summer, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) becomes the main pathogen, causing fern leaf symptoms. Complex infections can also lead to streaky symptoms. TMV is stable at temperatures between 90–95°C for 10 minutes, while CMV is inactivated at 60–70°C within the same time frame. CMV has a dilution limit of 10,000 times, while TMV can be diluted up to 1 million times. The disease spreads through various sources. TMV overwinters in infected plants and seeds, and transmission occurs via mechanical contact. Infected tobacco is also a major source of infection. CMV survives in perennial weeds and is transmitted by migratory locusts. Environmental factors such as high temperature, drought, compacted soil, nutrient deficiency, and water stress all contribute to disease development. To manage tomato virus disease, a comprehensive approach combining agricultural practices is essential. First, select resistant varieties like Jiafen No. 15, Maofen 802, Lutuo No. 5, Zhongshou No. 4, and others. Soak seeds in clean water for 3–4 hours, then treat them with 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes before sowing. In autumn, provide shade and use night irrigation to lower temperatures and control virus spread. Control pests like aphids using silver reflective mulch and timely pesticide application. Crop rotation is crucial to avoid continuous planting and reduce virus buildup in the soil. Remove weeds from nurseries and fields to minimize virus sources. Apply balanced fertilization, and consider using solutions like AI 6000 times or phytosaminoglycan 7500 times to boost plant resistance. Proper seedling care is important. Sow at the right time, grow strong seedlings, and avoid over-aged ones. Early planting helps promote vigorous growth, and using plastic greenhouses can protect against early infections. Regular weeding, proper soil cultivation, and timely watering enhance root development and improve plant resilience. Spraying 1/10,000 diluted growth enhancers can increase resistance to mosaic virus. Ensure proper watering during fruit development, combining organic and chemical fertilizers to strengthen the fruit. During hot and dry periods, maintain consistent moisture to improve the field microclimate. Early spraying is key. Begin applications at the 5–6 leaf stage using 3.85% virus WP at 500 times dilution, repeating every 7 days. This method achieves 75–80% efficacy. Other options include 1.5% phytopathogenic spirit at 800 times or 20% virus A at 500 times. These treatments also show good results, with around 70% effectiveness. Additional measures like 5% bacterial poison at 400 times, potassium permanganate at 1000 times, and foliar sprays of 50–100 ppm and 1% superphosphate can further enhance resistance. Finally, control weeds and insect vectors like aphids and whiteflies promptly, especially in hot and dry years. Effective pest management reduces TMV transmission and minimizes the occurrence of tomato virus disease.

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