Swine Streptococcus Disease and Zoonoses

Human suffering from rabies, AIDS, bird flu, mad cow disease, and SARS are all infected from dogs, monkeys, chickens, ducks, cows, and civet cats. Now, pigs also cause diseases. According to Xinhua News Agency, since late June, Ziyang and Neijiang provinces in Sichuan Province have experienced a “strange disease” in which patients have experienced acute systemic poisoning such as acute onset, high fever, and headaches. There are toxic shocks, meningitis, etc. On July 25, the Ministry of Health issued a notice to initially identify the disease as Streptococcus suis-induced Streptococcus infection. So far, 117 people have been reported to be infected, 24 have died and 21 have been critically ill, but no human infection has been found. 1. Not only people and people can suffer from the same disease, but humans and animals also suffer from the same disease. In people's hygiene knowledge, there is now another disease, swine streptococcus, and it is a kind of zoonotic disease. disease. Swine streptococcus disease is originally an animal disease. It belongs to the second class of animal diseases in the country, but why can it spread from animals to humans? This starts with the zoonosis. Both humans and animals have common biological properties. For example, they can be infected by the same type of microorganism and cause diseases. This type of disease that both humans and animals can suffer from is known as zoonosis. However, zoonoses mainly refer to naturally transmitted diseases between humans and vertebrates. Such diseases can be transmitted by direct contact with the diseased animal by humans, or via animal vectors, or contaminated air, water, and food. There are many kinds of zoonosis, such as plague, yellow fever, avian flu, brucellosis, foot and mouth disease, mad cow disease, Japanese encephalitis, forest encephalitis, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, rabies, AIDS and so on. Among these are some zoonotic diseases that people are familiar with in history, such as plague and brucellosis. The latter infects a wider range of hosts, such as brucellosis in sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and humans, respectively. The most common form of zoonosis is AIDS and Mad Cow Disease. Why do humans and livestock suffer from the same disease? Apart from biomedical factors, it can also be explained by social theory. In ancient times, the phenomenon of communicable diseases between humans and animals has caused people's great concern. In the 1980s, the American epidemiologist Calvin Schwab broke the rumor - "The one medicine in the world." This means that not only people and people can suffer from the same disease, but humans and animals can also suffer from the same disease because the world is not only human, but also other organisms. People and animals, plants and microorganisms are Share the same planet and the same environment. Therefore, human beings should not only pay attention to their own diseases, but also pay attention to animal health and disease, because if the latter is unwell, they will often spread diseases to humans. 2. Except our country this time, more than 200 cases of human swine streptococci have been reported in the world. Reported that swine streptococcus disease is in fact a relatively rare zoonosis, so far it is how to spread from pigs to people. Not completely clear. However, some existing researches and clinical treatments provide clues that can explain this disease. The direct cause of human infections from swine streptococci may be that people directly slaughter and process dead pigs, most likely through wounds. This reasoning is similar to the way HIV spreads from monkeys to humans. That is, people prey on primates. During processing and predation, monkey immunodeficiency virus in primates enters the body through wounds in humans and then mutates into humans. Immunodeficiency virus. Others, such as eating uncooked, sick pork, may also be the route to infection. In addition to this time in China, at present, there are more than 200 cases of human cases of Streptococcus suis in the world, which are mainly distributed in some countries and regions in Northern Europe and South Asia. In general, Streptococcus is widely found in healthy mammals and humans. If the animal's immune system is weakened and induced by changes in the external environment, it can cause the animal to become ill; if the human's resistance is reduced, it can be transmitted from the animal to the human or animal itself. The incubation period for human infection is several hours to several days. Most cases have an acute onset, and about 50% of cases develop toxic shock syndrome. In the early stages, there will be high fever, general malaise and dizziness. The disease is mainly divided into sepsis type and meningitis type. The sepsis type is more dangerous and often occurs with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The patient's limbs have petechiae and ecchymoses. They are often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms and shock in the early stage. The disease progresses quickly, and they are quickly transferred to multi-organ failure and cause death. . Some dead people can see black marks on their arms, face and body. The clinical manifestations of meningitis are lighter and the mortality rate is lower. 3. People who are in close contact with domestic animals and poultry, spread diseases from animals to humans, and take a bridge to prevent and defeat zoonoses, first of all to understand why it can be popular today. The occurrence and expansion of zoonosis is consistent with the history of human survival and development. The survival and development of human beings first promoted the development of the aquaculture industry. Therefore, the zoonosis was firstly produced by the rearing of domestic animals and poultry, especially modern industrialized breeding. People's close contact with domestic animals and poultry naturally spread pathogenic microorganisms from animals to humans and built a best bridge. For example, smallpox is transmitted by cattle, and the flu begins with raising pigs (varies from the virus in the pig causing flu). What is even more fatal is that after the human epidemic began, the diseases of livestock and poultry were still the source of infection, and new diseases were created from time to time. On the other hand, human activities also expand the way people and animals come into contact. For example, hunting wild animals and eating wild game make more and more human-animal contact. The pathogenic microorganisms will inevitably spread from animals to humans. The epidemic of AIDS and SARS is the best proof. The former is related to the predation of predators, and the latter is associated with eating civets. Similarly, the capture of animals and the use of their fur, etc., are also an important way for zoonotic diseases. World Health Organization expert Webster once pointed out that the large chicken density in large chicken farms in Asia, the narrow chicken cage environment, coupled with the traditional live poultry market, are important reasons for the rapid spread of bird flu. These factors not only lead to unsanitary growth environment of the chickens, but also may cause the bird flu virus to rapidly change the genetic structure and contribute to the "recombination" and mutation of the viral genes. If it is mixed with human flu viruses, it may cause human-induced catastrophes. . Similarly, while people raise chickens and raise ducks, they also raise pigs at the same site, and the intermediary medium is easy to produce. In the respiratory tract of pigs, both human and avian influenza viruses attach and invade receptors. As a result, from raising chickens to raising pigs, the flu virus has found ways to attack the human body and has created ideal conditions for variation. Therefore, the "Spanish flu" in 1918 became a global catastrophe because the human immune system could not identify and attack variant flu viruses. Today’s research has confirmed that the H1N1 virus that caused the 1918 pandemic indeed contained multiple gene segments of poultry, swine and human influenza viruses. Globalization has also made people's interactions rapid and rapid. This has led to a rapid spread of zoonosis and widened the scope of transmission. Many local diseases have become global plagues, such as the zoonosis from the United Kingdom - Mad Cow Disease. Now There is a global trend of proliferation. 4. The best way to prevent swine streptococcosis is not to slaughter or to eat dead pigs. Since swine streptococcal disease rarely spreads to humans in the past, people do not know enough about it, just like human and livestock (avian) comorbid diseases. Like bird flu, humans still need to devote more time and research in order to clearly understand the ins and outs of this epidemic. Fortunately, this disease is also the same as bird flu and so far no human-to-human transmission has been detected. However, this does not mean that we can take it lightly. For swine streptococci, the best way to prevent it is to not slaughter and eat dead pigs; when pork is preserved, it must be cooked and cooked separately, cooked and cooked, and healthy pork can be eaten with confidence. Not only that, people are humane, animals have animal roads. Since there are proven safe foods, do not eat unsafe game; this also applies to those who do not have domesticated pets because they cause special zoonosis. Human-Swine Streptococcus Infection (Chinese Medical Tribune) In 1968, Arends et al. of the Netherlands reported for the first time the case of human infection with meningitis caused by Streptococcus suis. In 30 cases of meningitis, 30 strains of Streptococcus suis were isolated, 28 of which were Streptococcus suis type 2. Of these 30 patients, 25 were engaged in the pork industry. There have also been similar reports in New Zealand, Germany and other places. It is estimated that the annual incidence of swine streptococcal meningitis in butchers and pigers is 3 cases per 100,000. S. suis infections have also been reported in Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other Southeast Asian countries and regions. According to Kay et al., 25 cases of swine streptococcal infection were collected in two hospitals in Hong Kong from 1984 to 1993. Among them, 15 cases had occupational contact with pigs or pork, and 4 cases had significant skin breakage 16 days before hospitalization. Injury history, 21 cases of patients with cerebrospinal fluid examination confirmed meningitis. In the summer of 1998, an outbreak of Streptococcus suis occurred in Nantong, Jiangsu Province. Twenty-five people had onset and 14 died. Fourteen hundred and forty pigs were dead and sick, more than ten times the same period in previous years. The clinical manifestations of the patients are mainly streptococcal poisoning shock syndrome (STSS) and meningitis. The symptoms are high fever with a maximum body temperature of 42°C, headache, diarrhea, skin blemishes, ecchymosis, and shock. The clinical symptoms of STSS are dangerous and the mortality rate is 81.25%. The patient had a history of direct contact with the diseased, dead pig or unspecified pork within 2 days before the onset of illness, and 11 cases had slaughtered their own disease and dead pigs within 2 days before onset. Yang Huafu et al. of Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention analyzed the phenotypes and genotypes of 7 strains of Streptococcus suis type 2 isolated from patients with blood and cerebrospinal fluid and diseases in the Nantong area and the aseptic sites of dead pigs, and with Streptococcus suis 2 Compared with the standard strains, the 7 strains of Streptococcus suis were found to be homologous to the standard strains, and the human strains were homologous to the porcine strains, and the strains isolated from the blood and cerebrospinal fluids of patients were homologous. Human and swine streptococci are sensitive to penicillin potassium, chloramphenicol, cephradine, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, vancomycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and are insensitive to tetracycline and streptomycin. Streptococcus suis is an animal pathogen that can cause septicemia, meningitis, arthritis, and endocarditis in pigs. The freshly isolated Streptococcus suis has a typical Gram-positive streptococci and has a chain of more than 20 bacterial cells. After the second-generation culture, the bacterial morphology is not typical. Most of them are Gram-negative bacilli and do not form a chain. Streptococcus suis has no spores, no decidua, and a small colony with a diameter of 1-2 mm on the blood plate. It is colorless, translucent, with neat edges, raised, smooth, and alpha hemolyzed. Streptococcus suis can cause a wide variety of human and animal diseases, and severe cases can cause STSS and cause death. Studies have shown that after Logistic single-factor analysis, the disease, the history of contact with dead pigs, skin damage, family disease-free, dead pigs are the three major risk factors for Streptococcus suis infection. Multivariate analysis showed that the meaningful factors were illness and dead pig exposure history. Some scholars have suggested that in the early stages of the disease, a large number of penicillins or combinations of ceftriaxone can be used. However, in the late stage of the disease, any antibiotics should be used with caution. Especially for patients with renal failure, antibiotics should not be used. The main symptomatic treatment is With support treatment.

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