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Coptis chinensis, commonly known as Huang Lianmu, is a versatile tree species with several local names such as eucalyptus, sassafras, medicinal wood, and berberine tea. Its scientific name is *Pistacia chinensis* Bunge, a deciduous tree that can reach up to 25 meters in height. The tree has red winter buds and emits a distinct aroma from all its parts. It features an open crown, lush foliage, and turns bright red or orange-red in the fall, making it an attractive ornamental tree throughout the year.
The leaves are alternate and even-pinnate, with 10 to 14 ovate-lanceolate leaflets measuring 5–8 cm in length and 2 cm in width. The flowers are unisexual and dioecious, blooming between March and April. The fruits mature from September to October, with copper-green seeds being fertile and red ones typically empty.
Native to China, *Pistacia chinensis* is widely distributed across the country, from Hebei and Shandong in the north to Guangdong and Guangxi in the south, as well as Taiwan, Sichuan, and Yunnan in the southwest. It thrives in wild and cultivated environments, particularly in provinces like Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. Its altitude range varies from below 600 meters in Hebei to as high as 2,700 meters in Yunnan. This tree is adaptable to various soil types, including acidic, neutral, and slightly alkaline soils, and exhibits strong resistance to drought, sulfur dioxide, and smoke.
In Nanjing's eastern suburbs, the Qinglin Forest Farm naturally grows large areas of *Pistacia chinensis*, especially vibrant during autumn when the foliage turns a striking red. The tree is also resilient, with a long lifespan of over 300 years. Seed production is relatively high: each kilogram contains about 10,840 seeds with a purity of 90–95% and a germination rate of 50–60%. A single mu (approx. 667 square meters) can yield around 10 kg of seeds, producing 20,000–25,000 seedlings. Trees begin flowering and fruiting after four years, with significant yields increasing as the trunk diameter reaches 15 cm (100–150 pounds annually) and 30 cm (200–300 pounds annually).
Although disease resistance is strong, pests like the Pistacia seed bee and woodworms can be problematic. The wood is dense, heavy, and resistant to decay, making it ideal for construction, furniture, and farm tools. The fruit shell contains 3.28% oil, the seeds 35.05%, and the kernel 56.5%. Leaves contain 10.8% tannin, while the fruit has 5.4% tannin, which can be extracted for various uses. The bark and leaves are also used medicinally, and fresh leaves can be distilled for aromatic oils. Young leaves can even be used as a tea substitute or salted for culinary purposes.
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