What affects the digestibility of animals
2021-05-06 12:02:01
1. Animal factors
(1) Species Different types of animals have different digestive organ structure, function, and volume. The digestibility of feed is different, especially the difference in digestibility of roughage, including cattle> sheep> horses, rabbits> pigs> birds. Animals have little difference in digestibility of concentrates. For example, if the digestibility of organic matter is up to 98%, the content of crude fiber in the feed is 18% for cattle, 10% for pigs, and 5% for birds. When dietary crude fiber exceeds the above-mentioned indicators, cattle have the strongest tolerance, poultry is the worst, and poultry dietary crude fiber does not exceed 6%.
(2) Highly cultivated varieties of breeds have very low digestibility of roughage and poor resistance to rough feeding.
(3) The digestive rate of young and old animals is low; with the growth of age, the digestive organs are continuously developed and improved, and the digestibility of crude fiber, crude fat, and crude protein is improved in animals, but the digestibility of nitrogen-free extracts and organic matter is not changed. Big. With aging, digestive function declines, and digestion decreases
(4) Physical health Animals have strong digestive capacity and poor digestibility of diseased animals. Therefore, maintaining animal health is the basic condition for ensuring high yields.
2. Feed factors
(1) Digestibility of types of green feed> Hay, seeds> Straw.
(2) Crude protein increased and digestibility increased in chemical feeds, especially for ruminants; crude fiber was negatively correlated with digestibility, especially for monogastric animals; excessive starch content reduced ruminal digestibility of ruminants Feed contains a certain amount of fat is conducive to digestion, but too much unfavorable, especially in the digestion of calcium, crude fiber; increase vitamins, balance supplements trace elements can promote digestion
(3) Anti-nutritional factors in feeds Anti-nutrition factors in feeds refer to trace components that impede feed digestion, either contained in the feed itself or entered into the feed from the outside. Feed contains anti-nutritional factors that reduce digestibility.
The mechanism of action of anti-nutritional factors in feed: inhibition of enzyme activity. Such as soybean contains protease inhibitors - lectins, saponins, etc.; inhibition of enzyme secretion. For example, glucosinolate; binds to the substrate and forms insoluble products. Such as tannin and protein, phytic acid, oxalic acid can be combined with protein, amino acids, minerals; increase the viscosity of chyme to prevent the enzyme and the substrate binding. Such as barley, wheat contains β-glucan, arabinoxylan, etc.
Elimination of anti-nutritional factors in feed: Heating, inactivation of anti-nutritional factors; Chemical treatment, removal of gossypol by ferrous sulphate, removal with acid and alkali, incubation of low-toxicity varieties, and addition of enzyme preparations to feedstuffs ; Control Feeding: Large quantities may be problematic when used alone. If cottonseed meal and vegetable quail are used alone, a hazard of up to 10% can be achieved. However, it is safe to use 5% cottonseed meal and 5% rapeseed meal at the same time.
3. Feeding management technology
(1) Appropriate and reasonable processing can improve the digestibility of feed, such as properly grinding fine feed, alkalizing the rough feed, ammoniating, micro-storage, and bulking can improve the digestibility.
(2) Prolonging the residence time of the feed in the digestive tract can increase the digestibility. Feed granulation can prevent animals from picky eaters, increase palatability, prolong the residence time of the feed in the digestive tract, increase the digestibility, and excessive crushing of the feed is not conducive to digestion.
(3) With the raising of the raising level, the feed circulation speed is accelerated, and the digestibility is decreased. Feeding level means that the actual feeding amount is equivalent to a multiple of the feeding amount.
(4) Feed-matching techniques and nutrient balance also affect feed digestibility. A balanced design diet can increase digestibility, and adding enzymes can increase digestibility.
(5) Feeding techniques Small meals, tidal feeds, TMR technology, feeding time (especially high temperature season).
(6) The environment of the barn is suitable for warm and well-ventilated, stocking density and so on.
(1) Species Different types of animals have different digestive organ structure, function, and volume. The digestibility of feed is different, especially the difference in digestibility of roughage, including cattle> sheep> horses, rabbits> pigs> birds. Animals have little difference in digestibility of concentrates. For example, if the digestibility of organic matter is up to 98%, the content of crude fiber in the feed is 18% for cattle, 10% for pigs, and 5% for birds. When dietary crude fiber exceeds the above-mentioned indicators, cattle have the strongest tolerance, poultry is the worst, and poultry dietary crude fiber does not exceed 6%.
(2) Highly cultivated varieties of breeds have very low digestibility of roughage and poor resistance to rough feeding.
(3) The digestive rate of young and old animals is low; with the growth of age, the digestive organs are continuously developed and improved, and the digestibility of crude fiber, crude fat, and crude protein is improved in animals, but the digestibility of nitrogen-free extracts and organic matter is not changed. Big. With aging, digestive function declines, and digestion decreases
(4) Physical health Animals have strong digestive capacity and poor digestibility of diseased animals. Therefore, maintaining animal health is the basic condition for ensuring high yields.
2. Feed factors
(1) Digestibility of types of green feed> Hay, seeds> Straw.
(2) Crude protein increased and digestibility increased in chemical feeds, especially for ruminants; crude fiber was negatively correlated with digestibility, especially for monogastric animals; excessive starch content reduced ruminal digestibility of ruminants Feed contains a certain amount of fat is conducive to digestion, but too much unfavorable, especially in the digestion of calcium, crude fiber; increase vitamins, balance supplements trace elements can promote digestion
(3) Anti-nutritional factors in feeds Anti-nutrition factors in feeds refer to trace components that impede feed digestion, either contained in the feed itself or entered into the feed from the outside. Feed contains anti-nutritional factors that reduce digestibility.
The mechanism of action of anti-nutritional factors in feed: inhibition of enzyme activity. Such as soybean contains protease inhibitors - lectins, saponins, etc.; inhibition of enzyme secretion. For example, glucosinolate; binds to the substrate and forms insoluble products. Such as tannin and protein, phytic acid, oxalic acid can be combined with protein, amino acids, minerals; increase the viscosity of chyme to prevent the enzyme and the substrate binding. Such as barley, wheat contains β-glucan, arabinoxylan, etc.
Elimination of anti-nutritional factors in feed: Heating, inactivation of anti-nutritional factors; Chemical treatment, removal of gossypol by ferrous sulphate, removal with acid and alkali, incubation of low-toxicity varieties, and addition of enzyme preparations to feedstuffs ; Control Feeding: Large quantities may be problematic when used alone. If cottonseed meal and vegetable quail are used alone, a hazard of up to 10% can be achieved. However, it is safe to use 5% cottonseed meal and 5% rapeseed meal at the same time.
3. Feeding management technology
(1) Appropriate and reasonable processing can improve the digestibility of feed, such as properly grinding fine feed, alkalizing the rough feed, ammoniating, micro-storage, and bulking can improve the digestibility.
(2) Prolonging the residence time of the feed in the digestive tract can increase the digestibility. Feed granulation can prevent animals from picky eaters, increase palatability, prolong the residence time of the feed in the digestive tract, increase the digestibility, and excessive crushing of the feed is not conducive to digestion.
(3) With the raising of the raising level, the feed circulation speed is accelerated, and the digestibility is decreased. Feeding level means that the actual feeding amount is equivalent to a multiple of the feeding amount.
(4) Feed-matching techniques and nutrient balance also affect feed digestibility. A balanced design diet can increase digestibility, and adding enzymes can increase digestibility.
(5) Feeding techniques Small meals, tidal feeds, TMR technology, feeding time (especially high temperature season).
(6) The environment of the barn is suitable for warm and well-ventilated, stocking density and so on.
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