Several Problems Should Be Paid Attention to in Producing Fishery Compound Feed Additives
2018-06-11 06:00:29
In recent years, China's fish feed industry has developed rapidly, but feed products are not standardized. Especially for the production of additives that play an important role in formulating feeds, there is no uniform quality standard for additives because there is no established standard for fish nutrition. As a result, additive products vary widely. What many manufacturers add is not "optimal quantity" but " The “lowest amount†cannot meet the normal physiological needs of fish, and thus cannot form full-rate diets, and the production of full-price compound feeds without economic benefits and good ecological benefits will restrict the development of the aquaculture industry to some extent. During the three consecutive years of production of feed pellets for fishery, we focused on the development and utilization of additives and achieved satisfactory results. Here are some issues that need attention in the production of additives:
1. Pay attention to the rational design of additive formulations
(1) The design formula should refer to the international NRC, ARC, or the requirements of the various research institutes to provide recommended standards, and then combined with the actual situation of the local. For example, in the American NRC formula, the content of inositol and choline is several times higher than that of the domestic formula. Inositol has a relatively good growth promoting effect, while choline can maintain normal growth and prevent fatty liver. The application results showed that the carp produced with NRC formula was relatively slender, low-fat and high-protein, and the fish tasted delicious. However, the body fat content of the seed was too small. During the winter, the body in the northern part of the carp was significantly reduced, directly affecting the spring seedlings. Kind of sales revenue. Therefore, it is necessary to make appropriate modifications to the formula one month before wintering in light of the actual conditions in the northern regions.
(2) Pay attention to the effects of other nutrients in the basal feed and the effects of the culture environment and stress. For example, unsaturated fatty acids in feeds will increase the demand for vitamin E; water quality will become malignant year by year, and oxygen deficiency in summer will cause many stress phenomena, which will increase the demand for some vitamins accordingly.
(3) Pay attention to the loss of product storage and processing. Some vitamins have poor stability and are lost during the storage process due to temperature, humidity, oxidants, reducing agents, and high pressure. These vitamins are mainly A, D, K, B1, B6, C, etc. In all cases, it should be added in excess, and the excess part is generally 5%-10%.
2. Note the compatibility between additives There are incompatibility between various vitamins, between trace elements and vitamins, between the constant mineral elements and vitamins, between the constant too many elements and the drug additives, and vitamins and drug additives. Compatibility. Choline chloride, for example, is highly soluble in water because of its high additive content in the additive, and it is alkaline. Its main form of the product is an adsorption type (content is 50%) and it is easily absorbed in the air. After absorbing moisture, it adversely affects other effective ingredients in the additive, including fat-soluble vitamins and partially water-soluble vitamins. This destructive effect is more serious in the presence of trace metal elements, so it is used in the production of multi-dimensional premixes or composites. Choline is packaged separately so that choline is not mixed in as much as possible. In addition, when vitamin D is excessive, vitamin B is easily deficient, vitamin C strengthens the effect of vitamin D, and vitamin B12 and vitamin C are combined to promote growth and development of fish.
3. Pay attention to the correct choice and use of additives
(1) The main raw materials should have considerable stability and remain effective for a long time. It is mainly the choice of vitamins A and C. The ordinary half-life of vitamin A and C at room temperature is very short and most of them are destroyed during processing. Therefore, a variety of stable vitamin products, especially stable vitamin C products, have emerged one after another. They include microencapsulation, Vixipine, dynamic VC, ASTO, and ASPP. The quality of imported ASTOs is stable, but the price is too high. The application results show that the domestically-made stable VC can achieve the desired effect.
(2) Must have the exact effect of adding, and can achieve the desired purpose of adding. For example, the addition of B vitamins is a component of the auxiliary enzyme, which helps enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; adding vitamin E is an antioxidant, or "tocopherol," and it can also prevent eel fin disease from occurring. , The addition of trace elements zinc and insulin, prostaglandins, adrenaline, growth hormone and so on, but also involved in DNA, RNA, protein metabolism.
4. Pay attention to the safety of additives
(1) The harmful metals in the additives must not exceed the national limits. This part of the harmful metals mainly include arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and the like. Some small manufacturers produce mineral dicalcium phosphate containing 13% to 16% of the total phosphorus, lead, and arsenic are not high, and should be used safely.
(2) Additives cannot pose a hazard to fish and human health. They must not use any additives that are prohibited or not approved by the State. For example, hormone drugs, especially steroids, can achieve very significant growth promoting effects on fish. However, fish that use such drugs are prone to fulminant haemorrhagic septicemia, and long-distance transport can easily cause large-scale death of fish.
5. Pay attention to choosing the right growth promoter The main role of the growth promoter is to stimulate fish growth and development, improve feed utilization, reduce feed conversion, and improve fish health. For example, some growth promoters are an intrinsic substance in animals, have a wide range of physiological activities, and play an important role in metabolic processes. They are energy substrates for most cells and can promote the secretion of gastric juice and pancreatic juice in fish. Enhance the activity of digestive enzymes, promote the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids and release energy, which can reduce protein consumption as energy and increase protein synthesis.
1. Pay attention to the rational design of additive formulations
(1) The design formula should refer to the international NRC, ARC, or the requirements of the various research institutes to provide recommended standards, and then combined with the actual situation of the local. For example, in the American NRC formula, the content of inositol and choline is several times higher than that of the domestic formula. Inositol has a relatively good growth promoting effect, while choline can maintain normal growth and prevent fatty liver. The application results showed that the carp produced with NRC formula was relatively slender, low-fat and high-protein, and the fish tasted delicious. However, the body fat content of the seed was too small. During the winter, the body in the northern part of the carp was significantly reduced, directly affecting the spring seedlings. Kind of sales revenue. Therefore, it is necessary to make appropriate modifications to the formula one month before wintering in light of the actual conditions in the northern regions.
(2) Pay attention to the effects of other nutrients in the basal feed and the effects of the culture environment and stress. For example, unsaturated fatty acids in feeds will increase the demand for vitamin E; water quality will become malignant year by year, and oxygen deficiency in summer will cause many stress phenomena, which will increase the demand for some vitamins accordingly.
(3) Pay attention to the loss of product storage and processing. Some vitamins have poor stability and are lost during the storage process due to temperature, humidity, oxidants, reducing agents, and high pressure. These vitamins are mainly A, D, K, B1, B6, C, etc. In all cases, it should be added in excess, and the excess part is generally 5%-10%.
2. Note the compatibility between additives There are incompatibility between various vitamins, between trace elements and vitamins, between the constant mineral elements and vitamins, between the constant too many elements and the drug additives, and vitamins and drug additives. Compatibility. Choline chloride, for example, is highly soluble in water because of its high additive content in the additive, and it is alkaline. Its main form of the product is an adsorption type (content is 50%) and it is easily absorbed in the air. After absorbing moisture, it adversely affects other effective ingredients in the additive, including fat-soluble vitamins and partially water-soluble vitamins. This destructive effect is more serious in the presence of trace metal elements, so it is used in the production of multi-dimensional premixes or composites. Choline is packaged separately so that choline is not mixed in as much as possible. In addition, when vitamin D is excessive, vitamin B is easily deficient, vitamin C strengthens the effect of vitamin D, and vitamin B12 and vitamin C are combined to promote growth and development of fish.
3. Pay attention to the correct choice and use of additives
(1) The main raw materials should have considerable stability and remain effective for a long time. It is mainly the choice of vitamins A and C. The ordinary half-life of vitamin A and C at room temperature is very short and most of them are destroyed during processing. Therefore, a variety of stable vitamin products, especially stable vitamin C products, have emerged one after another. They include microencapsulation, Vixipine, dynamic VC, ASTO, and ASPP. The quality of imported ASTOs is stable, but the price is too high. The application results show that the domestically-made stable VC can achieve the desired effect.
(2) Must have the exact effect of adding, and can achieve the desired purpose of adding. For example, the addition of B vitamins is a component of the auxiliary enzyme, which helps enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; adding vitamin E is an antioxidant, or "tocopherol," and it can also prevent eel fin disease from occurring. , The addition of trace elements zinc and insulin, prostaglandins, adrenaline, growth hormone and so on, but also involved in DNA, RNA, protein metabolism.
4. Pay attention to the safety of additives
(1) The harmful metals in the additives must not exceed the national limits. This part of the harmful metals mainly include arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and the like. Some small manufacturers produce mineral dicalcium phosphate containing 13% to 16% of the total phosphorus, lead, and arsenic are not high, and should be used safely.
(2) Additives cannot pose a hazard to fish and human health. They must not use any additives that are prohibited or not approved by the State. For example, hormone drugs, especially steroids, can achieve very significant growth promoting effects on fish. However, fish that use such drugs are prone to fulminant haemorrhagic septicemia, and long-distance transport can easily cause large-scale death of fish.
5. Pay attention to choosing the right growth promoter The main role of the growth promoter is to stimulate fish growth and development, improve feed utilization, reduce feed conversion, and improve fish health. For example, some growth promoters are an intrinsic substance in animals, have a wide range of physiological activities, and play an important role in metabolic processes. They are energy substrates for most cells and can promote the secretion of gastric juice and pancreatic juice in fish. Enhance the activity of digestive enzymes, promote the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids and release energy, which can reduce protein consumption as energy and increase protein synthesis.
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