Harm and detection of mycotoxins in corn DDGS
Application and utilization of corn DDGS in aquaculture
Corn DDGS (Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble) mainly refers to the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide by mixing and fermenting corn seeds with selected yeasts and enzymes in a fuel ethanol plant under the conditions of modern technology and equipment. A symbiotic product formed by drying the fermentation residue at a low temperature. Another type of corn distiller's protein feed is DDG (Distillers Dried Grains), which is a feed obtained by simply filtering corn alcohol into a simple filter, drying the filter residue, discharging the filtrate, and drying only the filter residue alone. The former's total energy and nutrients are significantly higher than the latter.
1 Nutritional value and application of corn DDGS
1.1 Nutritional value of corn DDGS
The protein content of DDGS is more than 26%. It has become a new type of protein feed raw material widely used by feed production enterprises at home and abroad. It is usually used to replace soybean meal and fish meal in livestock and poultry and aquatic compound feed. The addition ratio can be up to 30%. And can feed ruminants directly.
Maize DDGS not only has the characteristics of high protein, high effective phosphorus, low phytate phosphorus and high vitamin content, but also contains the saccharification and yeast nutrients and active factors incorporated in the corn fermentation process, which is considered to be a high protein. High-quality protein feed ingredients with high nutrition and no anti-nutritional factors.
1.2 Application in sow production;
For sows, DDGS can be added at low levels at the beginning and then gradually increased until the highest level. A study by the University of Sue has shown that if high levels of DDGS are added to the sow diet at the beginning, it will result in a decrease in feed intake and it will take about one week to restore the total feed intake. In addition, mycotoxins have a large impact on reproductive performance because DDGS should be used with caution when used in sow diets.
1.3 The best dosage of DDGS feed
DDGS feed can prevent intestinal digestive diseases of pigs and can inhibit the pathogens of feed itself. DDGS has high effective phosphorus content, low calcium content and needs other mineral raw materials to supplement; B vitamins and vitamin E are rich in content, but lysine and color The amino acid content is very low, and lysine and tryptophan must be added. Corn DDGS is an excellent source of energy, protein and other major nutrients required for different growth stages of pigs. The maximum amount of DDGS in different pig diets is: piglets ( 7 kg ~ 12 kg) and growing pigs (12 kg ~ 50 kg) 20%, finishing pigs (50 kg ~ 100 kg) 20%, pregnant sows 50%, lactating sows 20%, breeding boars 50%, reserve Sows are 20%. Improper use of DDGS will affect the palatability of the feed. It is very strong when used at the factory. It is used to produce pig feed. Adding 5%-6% will result in a decrease in palatability of the feed, but after storage for a period of time, the irritating odor is obvious. Weakened and palatability improved.
2 potential problems in the use of corn DDGS
2.1 Mycotoxin contamination of DDGS :
Mycotoxins are produced by molds in the field or during storage, seriously affecting the performance of pigs. The main cause of harm to pigs is zearalenone and vomiting toxin in mycotoxins. The maximum allowable amount of two mycotoxins in the diet does not exceed 1 mg/kg. Excessive intake of large amounts of mycotoxins can cause poisoning, especially for sows. The fermentation process does not cause damage to the mycotoxin, but it is similar to the lysine and other nutrients, and the concentration is increased by 3 times. Therefore, the content of mycotoxins in raw corn directly affects the production effect of DDGS feeding animals. The DDGS has a high moisture content, the grain has been broken, and the mold is easy to grow. Therefore, the mycotoxin content is high, and there may be a variety of mycotoxins, which may cause mycotoxin poisoning. Lead to low immunity and increased patient rates, and reduced production performance. Therefore: the level of mycotoxin in DDGS should be checked regularly, and DDGS with excessive mycotoxin should be treated in time.
2.1.1 Super DDGS standard zearalenone hazards
Tripherin has a major effect on the reproductive performance of sows. For the production of sows are mainly wigs, returning to the situation (repeated infertility), miscarriage, stillbirth and weak babies, which can lead to vaginal and uterine prolapse. For commercial pigs and gilts, it is mainly seen that estrus is delayed or wig, and the vulva is swollen and prolapsed. Feeding zearalenone-contaminated feeds during pregnancy (especially 2-3 weeks before birth) can easily lead to the occurrence of piglet legs. For boars, it can be seen that the boar is female, the breast is enlarged, the testicles are atrophied, there is dermatitis, and the quality of semen is decreased.
2.1.2 DDGS Super labeled DON harm
Vomitoxin (vomitoxin), also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), damages the intestines, bone marrow, and spleen. The feed intake is reduced, the meat exchange rate is poor, and it is susceptible to secondary infection by bacteria, vomiting, and refusal.
2.2 Nutritional value of corn DDGS feed for different livestock and poultry
When using DDGS, you must master the exact composition of the nutrients, advantages and disadvantages. In addition, you should pay attention to animal health:
1) Mycotoxin problem: DDGS has high moisture content, the grain has been damaged, and the mold is easy to grow. Therefore, the mycotoxin content is high, and there may be a variety of mycotoxins, which may cause mycotoxin poisoning in livestock. It leads to low immunity and easy onset of disease, and the production performance is degraded. Therefore, an appropriate amount of antifungal agent and mycotoxin adsorbent are used.
2) Because DDGS has a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, it is prone to oxidation, which is unfavorable to animal health, and its energy value is degraded, which affects production performance and product quality such as carcass quality and milk quality. Therefore, antioxidants should be used.
3) Anti-nutritional factors: The fiber content of DDGS rice bran is high, and monogastric animals cannot use it, so the use of enzyme preparations improves the utilization of fiber by animals. In addition, some products may have plant lectins, gossypol, etc., and the activity should be greatly reduced after processing.
High doses of mycotoxins can directly cause uneven growth, poor performance and obvious clinical symptoms; low doses of mycotoxins can lead to immunosuppression, resulting in strong post-vaccine response, antibody levels, affecting vaccine protection, and improving The amount of antibiotics indirectly causes uneven growth and causes other diseases.
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